72 HOW THE HORSE LEAENS 



face of an object wliicli inspired him with fear, 

 he believes the object of fear to be the cause of 

 the punishment, and thinks that the re-appearance 

 of the object before his eyes will cause the re-ap- 

 pearance of the punishment likewise. Thus by har 

 ving beaten him in front of an object of which 

 he was afraid, he has been inspired with a second 

 fear, that of punishment. 



The horse is not capable of distinguishing that 

 he was punished because he would not pass the 

 object, and not because he was afraid. He may get 

 to understand that he is punished because he will 

 not pass an object, which awakens fear, after having 

 been made to pass many times by caresses near 

 manj" other objects of which he was afraid, but this 

 must not be relied on, because the idea of fleeing 

 the object which makes him afraid is natural to 

 him, and this idea may be stronger than any other, 

 and dominate him. 



In general the mere association and the mere 

 occurrence of one or more circumstances together 

 with some thing or action done to him, or acci- 

 dentally happening to him, is regarded as a cause 



