78 HOW THE HOESE LEARNS 



before. Horses have been observed to be ill-treated 

 by a man once only and a long time a,fter recog- 

 nise him and run towards him to avenge them- 

 selves. 



Some, if they have had a powerful impression 

 of fear under certain circumstances, have the idea 

 of fear suggested to them even under circumstan- 

 ces not identical but having some resemblance with 

 the former. On many occasions the idea of fear 

 returns to them even without motive if the fear 

 they experienced was great, because owing to its 

 having been great it returns to their minds even 

 without external circumstances recalling it to them. 



How he judges. 



The horse forms his judglliients from the good 

 and evil he receives through his mental associations. 



He judges to be good, i. e. beneficial to him, that 

 with ^vliich was associated the satisfaction of his 

 needs or a pleasure. 



He judges to be had or an evil for him that 

 with which was associated the prevention of the 



