82 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



him the idea of aversion to us, of fleeing from us, 

 of hatred, of resisting us as enemies and of attack- 

 ing us. 



Associations which increase fear and associations 

 ivhich diminish it. 



If an object gives rise in the horse to the idea 

 of fear, the feeling of fear and therefore the idea 

 of fleeing from it, these ideas always remain asso- 

 ciated with the object of fear and on seeing the 

 object of fear again, these ideas revive. If whilst 

 the object calls forth in the horse the idea of fear, 

 the feeling of fear and the idea of fleeing, we ill- 

 treat him and punish him, we cause the punish- 

 ment to be associated in his mind with the object 

 of fear, and the sight of the object of fear again, 

 in addition to reviving the fear, calls forth in him 

 again the apprehension of being once more ill-treated 

 and punished. By associating the punishment with 

 the object of fear, the fear of the object has been 

 increased and another fear has been given him, the 

 fear of punishment. 



