90 HOW THE HOESfi LEAKNS 



that his rider does not know how to prevent him 

 by promptly giving raising aids Avith the hand and 

 from the fact that the spurs cease to be applied 

 Avhen he throws up his croup. Thus the horse learns 

 that by throwing up the croup he causes his rider 

 to oease applying the spurs. 



Por many horses the fact of having been afraid 

 of an object and having been punished or hurt 

 before it once only suffices for them to remember 

 it always and always fear it, and to think that the 

 re-appearance of the object will cause the recur- 

 rence of the punishments or the evil experienced. 

 For this reason they should not be punished in the 

 presence of an object which frightens them and 

 care should be taken that they should not be hurt 

 by any object. 



Another most important rule in teaching and 

 managing horses is not to use continual physical 

 force in order to compel them to perform any mo- 

 vement, as this inspires them with great fear and 

 at times depression, and excites them to revolt, and 

 if owing to superior physical force they are com- 

 pelled to yield, they readily understand that when 



