96 HOW THE HOESE LEARNS 



His unwillingness to allow the crupper to be 

 put on is likewise clUe to it having heen attempted 

 by force and without any gentleness, and to ill- 

 treatment on account of his having been excited 

 or afraid to allow it to be put on ; and the more 

 then he is ill-treated the greater will be liis fear of 

 allowing it to be put on. 



Thus punishments are associated with the action 

 it is desired that the horse should perform or with 

 what we would wish to do to the horse, and by 

 this means the horse is told not to do it and not 

 to alloAv it to be done. People attribute the blame 

 for this to the horse and do not see that it is their 

 fault or the fault of whoever had charge of the 

 horse before them. 



An example of a wrong association is in the 

 following ancient fable. A dog bit a man. The man 

 was afraid and gave him bread in tlie idea that 

 the dog would bite him no more. After this fact 

 the dog bit everybody in order to have bread be- 

 cause he had learned that biting procured him 

 bread. 



The bread given on the act of biting was an 



