HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 99 



the purpose of giving rise in him to the ideas of 

 the acts we desire him to do, of explaining them 

 to him, making him understand them and indu- 

 cing him to make the movements we wish and 

 not to make those movements we do not wish. 

 The aids and punishments likewise serve to show 

 approval or disapproval of the movements he makes 

 as will be stated below. 



The aids and punishments used on foot are : — a 

 conciliatory voice sound oh ! — a threatening short 

 abrupt voice sound eh ! — caresses — a kind look 

 or a threatening look — gesture aids by showing 

 the whip or threatening, or striking with it — 

 aids and punishments with the cavesson through 

 the lounge. 



The aids and punishments given on horseback 

 are — by means of the reins — Avith the riding 

 whip — with the legs — by the weight of the rider's 

 body — and with the spurs. — These aids and 

 punishments must be applied in accordance with 

 his mental constitution and physical structure. 



It is understood that any one who teaches 

 horses ought to have studied tlie rules for their 



