How THE HOBSE LEARNS 103 



and which we do not wish him to do, and is induced 

 not to do it by accompanying it, associating it with 

 and causing it to be followed immediately by a 

 thing or an act which gives him fear or pain. 



The horse is induced to come to us by showing 

 him oats, i. e. a pleasure and a benefit to him, by 

 giving them to him and by caressing him when 

 he comes to us. 



He is induced to run away from us or from a 

 place where he would wish to go by threatening 

 him or striking him with the whip, i. e. by making 

 him experience fear, pain or evil. 



The horse is caressed in order to make him 

 well disposed and, by any means whatever and in 

 any way whatever, it is sought to indnce him to 

 make the movement required. Immediately on his 

 making it he is caressed and the caresses are ac- 

 companied by the conciliatory voice sound, oh ! 

 Thus the idea is given him that by making this 

 movement he obtains caresses, i. e. a pleasure. He 

 can be given something to eat which he likes, but 

 even caresses and soothing words are sufficient. 



If he makes a movement Avhich he is not de- 



