HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 107 



whip wliich are small punishments until he per- 

 forms it and cease to apply them immediately on 

 his doing so. The positions of his body wliich he 

 is made to assume by means of the reins and the 

 lounge are thus obtained. 



The first (lis(ipprov(d miist be shown by means 

 of more or less angiy voice sound, tlireatening 

 gesture and menace with the whip, and not by 

 punishment. Punishment must be resorted to after 

 the threats liave failed to make an effect. The 

 lounge is best adapted for showing (Hmqii^roval, as 

 it does not excite reactions as does the whip. 



Necessary conditions in order that the horse 

 may learn. 



In order that the horse may learn ivhat we 

 teach him the following things are necessary: 



that the horse should give us his attention; 



that he should be well disposed mentally ; 



that he should have confidence and trust in us ; 



that he should have acquired the idea of obey- 

 ing us; 



