114 HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 



cause he does many of these things before being 

 taught, and then Avould have to be punished con- 

 tinually" and by this means we should make him 

 take us for enemies and he would become despe- 

 rate and revolt or would become accustomed to the 

 punishments and these would no longer produce 

 any effect on him. On the contrary many things 

 must be tolerated and allowed to pass. The punish- 

 ment should be a rare shade bringing out into 

 greater relief the light of caresses. His seeing that 

 when he obeys he is caressed gives greater value 

 to the rare punishment, and diminishes the effect 

 of producing aversion inherent in punishment. 



The associations of j)leasure or approval 



should follow immediately on the action performed 



and reqriired to he performed, and the associations 



of pain or disapproval should folloio immediately 



on the action performed and not required. 



He would be unable to understand them if these 

 associations were given some time after, and after 



