HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 115 



other things had happened. If thunder were heard 

 some time later, and after other things had liap- 

 pened, the horse Avonkl not be able to associate it 

 with the idea of liglitning, Avonld l)e unable to 

 imdei'stand that lightning and thnnder involve an 

 idea of succession, of canse and effect. This is the 

 reason why the association of pleasure should al- 

 ways follow imniediafeh/ on the action performed 

 and required to be performed, and the association 

 of pain immediateljj on that performed and not 

 required. The punishment being associated with 

 his action which he is not desired to perform, his 

 action comes to be regarded by him as the canse 

 of the punishment, and in order not to receive 

 the punishment, which to liim is an evil, he con- 

 ceives the idea of not performing tlie action which 

 gave rise to the punishment. 



Many pei'sons do not pimish the horse who has 

 performed some bad action whilst on horseback, 

 and punish him after they hav& returned home. 

 The cases will be very rare in which the horse can 

 take these punishments for punishments. He will 

 almost always take them for ill-treatments without 



