HOW THE HORSE LEAENS 151 



certain other sound of the voice which it is desi- 

 red to use in order to make him recede, and as 

 soon as he puts a leg back he is caressed and gi- 

 ven the conciliatory voice sound. He associates 

 that sound with the backward pressure of the lounge 

 and with going backwards, and after those repe- 

 titions which are necessary to make him remem- 

 ber, he goes backwards on the mere sound of the 

 voice, only however if he is very obedient, because 

 going backwards is inconvenient to him and he 

 does not do so willingly. Going backwards can 

 also be associated with the backward pressure of 

 the hand against the muzzle, against the neck or 

 against the chest. 



Stopping at a given sound of the voice and re- 

 maining still, and quieting down at the signal of 

 a conciliating voice sound are the most necessary 

 and useful things under very many circumstances. 

 The first time the foal is ridden he does not know 

 how to stop on being imlled in by the hand, but 

 if he has been taught to ^top at a given sound of 

 the voice he may be stopped by this aid accompa- 

 nied by pulling the reins, and learns to stop on 



