162 HOW THE HOBSE LEAiBNS 



desirable. To avoid his thus making movements in 

 advance it is neoessaiy to prevent him making 

 them, so as to show that he must not make tlieni 

 before he receives orders, i. e. aids. 



TMrngs tvhicJi the horm is tatiffht 

 for spectcmular purposes. 



For teaching most of the following special 

 things, as has already been said, it is better to haw 

 the horse held isolated by two men with two loun- 

 ges attached to the two side-rings of the cavesson 

 at one, two, or three yards or more distance froim 

 the horse as best suited to teach the action. 



It appears that the things which horses are now 

 made to perform in circuses are of ancient date. 

 Oarafcciolo and Oorte of Pavia, writers of the 16.th 

 century, in order t<* prove the intelligence of horses, 

 mention the marvellous games which they perfor- 

 med. They should have said that these games per- 

 formed by the horses in the circus proved on the 

 contrary the cleverness and intelligence of the men 

 who had taught them. They did such surprisiog 



