HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 171 



two rneti each about one, two or three yardi* or 

 more away from 1dm, with two h)unges attached 

 to the oavessou. 



The idea of seizing with the teeth and the ac- 

 tion of seizing with tlie teeth are called forth in 

 liim by holding in front of his month an object, 

 not a hard one so that he shoukl not have an nn- 

 pleaeaiit sensation in seizing it, but one wliich is 

 thin and easy for him to seize, and by pinching 

 him behind the second bone of the shoulder where 

 he feels tickling. Pinching him gives rise in liim 

 to the idea of biting, excites him to bite in order 

 to stop the iicklittg irritation and the excitation 

 due to the pinches, and finding in front of his 

 mouth the object held there, he bites the object. 

 The voice signal to advance which he already 

 knows may assist in exciting him to bite the object 

 if associated with the pinches. 



As soon as he bites and seizes the object the 

 pinching is stopped, he is caressed and spoken to 

 soothingly, and is given something to eat which he 

 likes; so he understands that the action he is requi- 

 red to perform is to seize the object with his 



