HOW THE HORSE LEARNS 185 



on the spurs being applied. Associated with the 

 use of the whip and the spurs it may break him 

 of the desire to react against the spurs. 



Necessity of giving the horse the hahit of ])erforming 

 the actions taught him. 



The actions which animals perform are called 

 forth either by the decided will to perform them 

 or because the habit of performing them has been 

 acquired. The actions performed by habit no lon- 

 ger need the direct aid of the will ; they are gone 

 through mechanically without thought and without 

 being noticed; it is the body which makes these 

 movements, acting only like a machine. In order 

 to be able to rely on every aid being obeyed and 

 producing on the horse the effect of causing him 

 to do what he has been taught to do, it is neces- 

 sary that he should have been trained to the habit 

 of doing so. Then the horse has become a machine, 

 and we may be sure that on touching the key we 

 shall have the corresponding movement, and then 

 alone he can be called trained. 



