HOW OBEDIENCE IS TAUGHT 205 



nishments applied when instructing liim with the 

 lounge ; — the pulls and oppositions of intermittent 

 force which we make him feel with the weight 

 of our hody placed upon the cavesson by means 

 of the lounge, in order to make him go through 

 the movements we desire, and prevent him either 

 making or preparing to make other movements by 

 his own impulse ; — the application of cavesson and 

 whip punishments which produce pain and fear 

 in him and induce him to make the movements 

 we desire, and not perform actions of his own 

 will for fear of receiving such punishment ; — the 

 threats which take the place of the punishment ; — 

 the oppositions made by fixed force which we 

 make him feel by tethering him to a fixed point 

 and by holding him still against his will. 



As already stated, oppositions with the caves- 

 son should be of short duration and intermittent, 

 because if they were prolonged they would give 

 the horse occasion to draw us away and to see 

 that he is stronger than we are. 



The fixed power by which he is held back 

 should on the contrary not yield, as if he once 



