138 The Department of Plant Physwology [336 
rights run their courses and commercial secrets are sooner or 
later divulged. As has been remarked above, the two points 
of view overlap, an individual’s motives are seldom or never 
exclusively of the one or of the other kind, and they shift 
from time to time. 
It has seemed desirable to give space to the discussion just 
’ presented, on account of the long-standing misapprehension 
that still exists between the exponents of “pure science” and 
those of the arts and commercial applications of science. The 
writer is convinced that all these various human motives for 
scientific work must exist side by side, even in the same indi- 
vidual, and that it is for a university department to present 
all of them to its students. But the outstanding fact seems to 
be that the work itself should be much the same in all cases, 
assuming of course, that actual dishonesty is ultimately as bad 
from the commercial point of view as it is from the altruistic, 
as bad in practical applications to human physical needs as it 
is in philosophical applications to what have been called 
human spiritual needs. 
Training of Physiological Students—It should be appre- 
ciated that physiology articulates intimately both with bio- 
logical morphology and with the physical sciences. It is 
obvious enough that the processes and reactions of living 
things are not to be understood without a certain amount of 
morphological or anatomical knowledge. Thus, anatomy and 
histology are, in this way at least, and otherwise to some ex- 
tent, prerequisite to the study of physiology. 
On the other hand, the changes of matter and energy that 
go on in living things cannot be seriously studied without a 
broad and rather detailed knowledge of the principles ac- 
cording to which such changes occur in dead matter. In this 
way the field of physiology furnishes opportunity for the 
application of physics and chemistry in the understanding of 
life. So important is this consideration that physiology may 
be defined as the physics and chemistry of living things. This 
consideration has not been so generally appreciated as seems 
desirable, and many of the present leaders in physiology have 
