SALMON— ASCENDING RIVERS. 



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from the observation of Mr. Willis-Bund, made in the Severn, and Mr. Anderson 

 in the Forth, and Mr. Rnssel in the Tweed, which are recorded below. From 

 these it is apparent that, contrary to the movements of the adult salmon, the grilse 

 or young fish may be said to ascend all at once, commencing about June, doubt- 

 less owing to their having then attained sufficient strength for the purpose. The 

 later in the year these grilse ascend the larger (comparatively) they are. Young 

 fish, as has been pointed out by Russel, are apt to live in shoals, and if we refer 

 to his table respecting Salmonidae in the Tweed, we see that the trout suddenly 

 increase in numbers in Jane, but decrease in proportional weight, owing to the 

 ascent of young fish. 



Heavy rains occasioning floods may not only increase the take in the rivers and 



first were recorded on June 28th, and in 1882, a week later. (5) The second run of grilse ascends 

 about the middle of June, or during the second spring tide ; they are from 3 lb. to 5 lb. (6) The 

 "autumn sahnou" ascend at the end of June; are from 16 lb. to 40 lb. (7) With thefirst spring 

 tide in July, quantities of grilse ascend. (8) With the first spring tide in August, grilse from 81b. 

 to 16 lbs. ascend in shoals, and many are heavy in spawn. (9) " The gray schule salmon," or the 

 regular breeders, ascend with the first spring tide in September, or later if the water is low. 

 Many are from 20 lb. to 50 lb. ; some are very dark, others very red. (10) There is also the 

 " gray schule grilse ; " the most are ugly-looking fish, and very shiny aU over their scales. 



Kussel (The Salmon, 1864) remarked that the reason salmon ascend rivers more or less every 

 mouth of the year, while grilse only do so at certain periods, or so to speak come aU at once, must 

 be owing to one being an adult form capable of ascending at any time, while the other is a young 

 fish which first attains to that capacity at that season when its ascent is practically bound to 

 begin. The foUowiug return shows the proportions of salmon, grilse, and trout to every 1000 of 

 each kind caught on an average of years in the net fisheries of the river Tweed : — 



Salmon. Gbilse. Teout. 



July 233 371 254 



August 151 408 164 



September ... 113 154 129 



October (1st half of) 71 53 186 



Salmon ascend in every month of the year, in numbers comparatively not very unequal. 

 Grilse, speaking roundly, do not ascend in the first half of the year, and all but a fraction within 

 two consecutive months in the middle of the year ; subsequently, their ascent is checked. Forms 

 ascending throughout the year being adults ; those coming in shoals being the young of the 

 same species. That this is so is further borne out by the trout column, wherein are comprised 

 both old and young, and in June they suddenly increase by 300 per cent., and another 50 per cent, 

 in July, during which month a fourth of the whole of the year's captures were recorded, while the 

 average weight falls off during the months when the young appear to be ascending. The increase 

 of trout in October is due to fish ascending to spawn, when the average weight of the fish 

 increases. Eussel has also shown that in examining some returns of takes of grilse and salmon 

 from the Tweed, he found that the proportion which the grilse of any one year bore to the average 

 number of grilse, was found to be just about the proportion which the salmon of the following 

 year bore to the average number of salmon. Taking a series of years, the average weight of grilse 

 captured in the Tweed was found to be in June, 3 lb. 11} oz. ; July, 4 lb. 5J oz. ; August, 

 4 lb. 15 oz. ; September, 5 lb. 12J oz. ; October, 6 lb. llf oz. : the late comers having been 

 longest in the sea. 



The following are the figures supplied me at Inveran on the Shin by Mr. Maokay, and which 

 include the takes by anglers for the four years ending 1886 in that river : — 



Dr. Frie came to the following conclusions respecting the migrations of the Bavarian salmon 

 (he omits the grilse), among which he observed three distinct times of ascent from the sea. A. 

 Not ready for spawning when ascending : (1) At the end of February under the ice, or March until 

 May. Large and strong fish from 25 lb. to 50 lb. (avoirdupois), famous as "violet salmon." 

 (2) From the middle of June till August, if the rivers are not too low. From 12J lb. to 22J lb. 

 Flesh reddish, and known as " rose salmon." B. Beady to spawn on arrival : (3) First half of 

 September until the end of November, and in mUd winters until December. Weak fish from 

 3 lb. to 10 lb., or even 15 lb. Flesh pale, and known as "silver salmon" (U.S. Fisliery 

 BeporU, 1876, p. 607). 



