152 SALMONID^ OF BRITAIN. 



similarly sbaped tail-fin. And two other forms of sea trout with nearly even tail 

 fins, Salmo trutta and S. eriox, the latter being the gray salmon or scurf of 

 "Willoaghhy and Ray, the sewin of Donovan, and also the whitling or phinoc, the 

 grilse of the northern sea trout ; showing that these authors united the Welsh 

 sewin with the northern gray salmon and whitling and placed them under the 

 name of Salmo eriox of Linnseus. But Tarrell again reverted to there being only 

 two species, but which he considered were both found in the northern and southern 

 portions of the British Isles. 



During the last quarter of a century much has been written upon our 

 indigenous sea trout, but the number of species has only been augmented (if we 

 omit the estuary forms) by restoring the grilse of the northern form of sea trout 

 to the rank of a species, but ignoring the scientific name Salmo albus, which 

 had been bestowed on it a century ago, and 8. phinoo given it by Turton and 

 re-naming it Salmo brachypoma, Giinther,* while this latter author suggested that 



salmon: his phinoo to the grilse stage of the sea trout: his S. trutta to the salmon- trout, 

 and his gray trout to the sewin. Agassiz, 1834, included all forms of sea trout under 

 Salmo trutta. Jenyns, 1835, admitted the bull-or-gray-trout Salmo eriox, which he considered 

 identical with the sewin of Donovan, having an even tail and vomerine teeth confined to its 

 anterior extremity, observing that in the Tweed the young are termed whitlings, while he 

 thought that S. hucho of Fleming must be identical. He gave secondly the sea trout, S. trutta, 

 having the vomerine teeth extending the whole way and the gOl-cover slightly produced behind, 

 with the margin rounded ; he considered Pennant's white fish or the Salmo albvs, as the herMng, 

 whiting or phinoc, to be the young of this latter race. Yarrell, 1836, beHeved we possessed 

 two species of sea trout, (1) the gray trout, bull trout, round-tail or sewin, Salmo eriox, the gray 

 trout of Willoughby. He distinguished the gill-covers of these forms as will be seen by comparing 

 the two figures. (See last page, figs. 23, 24 from Yarrell.) The teeth of the S. eriox 

 consist in the adult of two or three on the vomer occupying the most anterior part 

 only : the tail becomes square earMer than in the salmon and becomes convex with age, vertebrae 

 59 or 60. The Warkworth trout and Coquet trout he considered the young of this form. 

 (2) The salmon trout, known also as the tmff of Devonshire and white trout of Wales and 

 Ireland, the Fordwioh trout, and in its grilse stage as the hirling and phinoc, Salmo trutta, is 

 excellent as food : the form of its gill-covers ffig. 24) being intermediate between that of the 

 salmon (fig. 14, p. 52) and gray trout (fig. 23). The teeth on the vomer extend along a great 

 part of its length : tail fin is less forked at the same age as the salmon, but becomes ultimately 

 square at the end, vertebrae 58. Sir John Eiohardson, in Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1836, gave 

 some notices of British trout (1) salmon-trout in which he found in one example from the Nith 

 59 cffical appendages and in a second 61. He asserted that this is certainly notSalmo trutta of 

 continental authors. (2) HerUng, whiting or phinoc, S. albus, caeca 49. (3) Sewin, S. cambricus. 

 Parnell, 1838, while generally following YarreU, admitted the bull trout, Salmo eriox, and asserted 

 that at its grilse stage it was known as whitling in the Tweed, but that such was not the whitling 

 at Berwick. Vomerine teeth confined to the anterior extremity of that bone. When about 

 nine inches in length, has the caudal fin acutely forked ; the middle rays elongating with the 

 growth of the fish, and the fin ultimately becoming even at the end ; at twenty inches the middle 

 ray is more than half the longest in the fin. As regards YarreU's dependence upon the formation 

 of the Bub-opercle and its line of union with the opercle compared with the body of the fish, he 

 observed that he had in some examples recognized this character, but in others he had found it 

 to vary too much to form an uniform mark of distinction. He alluded to eight varieties he had 

 observed in the Frith of Forth, the characteristics of which formed the basis for their names 

 [see page 10, ante). Secondly he recognized the salmon trout, Salmo trutta, in which the 

 vomerine teeth are not confined to its anterior extremity but extend far back : sides with X-shaped 

 spots and tail more or less forked. The grilse of this form being the herling or whitling, 

 Jardine, 1839, gave the gray trout or phinoc : and the Solway migratory trout as herling. 

 While White in 1851, and Thompson in 1856, retained YarreU's nomenclature. In 1863, H. Wide- 

 gren (Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl.) considered river, lake, and sea and salmon-trout as one 

 and the same species, assuming a different appearance according to the locality it inhabited and 

 local surroundings. 



* Dr. Giinther, men, white sal- 



1866, admitted ^^^ mon, and gave 



three species into / , ^ / i figures of the gill- 



the Catalogue of l/// I \ i" I covers of the two 



the Fishes of the I'' [ \ /m { \ , forms. (Figs. 25 



British Museum— Ksr-.^ \ \ W%. \ \ and 26.) Found in 



(1) Sea trout {see ^^w\ ^ X T"! ^ "^^"^^ falling into 



page 10 ante), ^^LV ^ ■ N./ V *^® Baltic and 



Salm.0 trutta, in ^*^s_^^ ^- — J;;;---—- German Ocean, 



the grilse stage numerous in 



known as phinok. Fig. 25. SaJmo (nttto, re- Fig. 26. SaZmo camftncus, re- Scotland, but less 

 herling, lammas- ducedto J size (Giinther). duoed to J size (Giinther). widely distributed 



