NOTES. 419 



animals, healthy in all other respects, annually shot by hunters seems to 

 be very considerable. (Dr. Hagen.) 



Note 19, page 78. There are but few totally blind vertebrata— abso- 

 lutely deprived, that is to say, of eyes. All the species of mole have 

 rudimentary eyes, as have the Proteus and the blind-fish, as they are 

 called, of the American caves ; AmMtjopsis spelaius, TypMielithys 

 sxiiteri'aneus, Stygicola dentatus and suiteivaneiis (from caves in Cuba), 

 Ch-onias nigrilabris, Stygogenes oyclojmm- — or of the caves of Asia, Ailia, 

 Shilbiehthys, Bagroiden, &c. Actually eyeless fish have hitherto been 

 found only at great ocean depths, and we owe our knowledge of them 

 to the ' Challenger ' expedition. They are Scopelida or LopMoidce. 

 What makes them especially interesting is the occurrence of the peculiar 

 organs on the head, first observed by Von WUlemoes-Suhm, and subse- 

 quently accurately described by Gunther, who regards them as organs 

 of phosphorescence (see note 22). Truly blind invertebrate animals 

 are far more Jiumerous. Most ento-parasites are perfectly eyelesSo 

 The number of species of blind cave-insects, which is being added to 

 every day, already amounts to hundreds. The reader who is specially 

 interested in these creatures will find a very complete review of the 

 literature of the subject in an admirable paper by Simon and Bedell in 

 the Revue Zoologique. Associated with the blind cave insects we 

 find blind spiders, Crustacea, and Myriapoda ; the blind crab of the 

 Kentucky caves has, according to Hagen (^Monograph of the North Ameri- 

 cam Astacidee), certainly only rudimentary eyes ; while other Crustacea, 

 as Caeidotea, Stygia, Titancthes albus, and others, seem to be totally 

 blind. In the work of Putnam and Packard on the Mammoth Cave of 

 Kentucky there is a list of these forms with excellent illustrations. 

 Various Crustaceans which are called blind are known from the caverns 

 and subterranean waters of Europe ; to these belong Niphargus puteanus, 

 Titanethes albus, Crangonyx, Asellus Sieboldii. Univalves seem always 

 to have eyes, with the exception of a few which live as parasites, but a 

 JlydruMa found living in Munich by Kougemont, and which inhabits 

 deep springs, seems to have no eyes. Wiedersheim found rudimentary 

 eyes in the Hydrobia of the Falkenstein cavern. 



The ' Challenger ' expedition also has furnished us with rich materials 

 on this subject. Willemoes-Suhm, whose premature death wa must 

 deeply deplore, made us acquainted with a large number of peculiar 

 blind Crustaceans, some of which live at a depth of more than 2,000 

 fathoms ; for instance, Petahphthalmus of various species, all the Mnn- 

 opnda, several Mysidets, several blind larvae belonging to the ^ea and 

 Megalopsis forms, Astaovs xaleucus, Aspevdes cceca, jDeidamia, Sic. 

 Notices of these occur in the narratives of the voyage communicated 

 to Natwre ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ; Proc. M. S. ; Linn. Soc. Trans. 

 And a tolerably complete guide to the literature of the subject is to be 

 found in Siebold's supplement to Willemoes- Suhm's Challengei-Sriefen 



