App. I Animal Life and Ours 341 



man and the highest monkeys. Subsequent research has continued 

 to add corroborating details. As far as structure is concerned, 

 there is mucli less difference between man and the gorilla than 

 between the gorilla and a monkey like a marmoset. Yet differences 

 between man and the anthropoid apes do exist. Thus man alone 

 is thoroughly erect after his infancy is past, his head weighted with 

 a heavy brain does not droop forward, and with his erect attitude 

 his perfect development of vocal mechanism is perhaps connected. 

 We plant the soles of our feet flat on the ground, our great toes 

 are usually in a line with the rest, and we have better heels than 

 monkeys have, but no emphasis can be laid on the old distinction 

 which separated two-handed men (Bimana) from the four-handed 

 monkeys (Quadrumana), nor on the fact that man is peculiarly 

 naked. We have a bigger forehead, a less protrusive face, smaller 

 cheek-bones and eyebrow ridges, a true chin, and more uniform 

 teeth than the anthropoid apes. More important, however, is the 

 •fact that the weight of the gorilla's brain bears to that of the smallest 

 brain of an adult man the ratio of 2 : 3, and to the largest human 

 brain the ratio of I : 3 ; in other words, a man may have a brain 

 three times as heavy as that of a gorilla. The brain of a healthy 

 human adult never weighs less than 31 or 32 ounces ; the average 

 human brain weighs 48 or 49 ounces ; the heaviest gorilla brain 

 does not exceed 20 ounces. "The cranial capacity is never less 

 than 55 cubic inches in any normal human subject, while in the 

 orang and the chimpanzee it is but 26 and 2.']\ cubic inches 

 respectively. " 



But differences which can be measured and weighed give us little 

 hint of the characteristically human powers of building up ideas and 

 of cherishing ideals. It is not merely that man profits by his 

 experience, as many animals do, but that he makes some kind of 

 theory of it. It is not merely that he works for ends which are 

 remote, as do birds and beavers, but that he controls his life 

 according to conscious ideals of conduct. But I need not say much 

 in regard to the characteristics of human personality, we are all 

 conscious of them, though we may differ as to the words in which 

 they may be expressed ; nor need I talk about man's power of 

 articulate speech, nor his realisation of history, nor his inherent 

 social sympathies, nor his gentleness. For all recognise that the 

 higher life of men has a loftier pitch than that of animals, while 

 many think that the difference is in kind, not merely in degree. 



2. Descent of Man. — The arguments by which Darwin and 

 others have sought to show that man arose from an ancestral type 

 common to him and to the higher apes are the same as those used 

 to substantiate the general doctrine of descent. For the Descent 

 of Man was but the expansion of a chapter in the Origin cf Species ; 



