184 ACTION OF ACIDS AND ALKALIES. 
eight-per-cent solution failed—two hours’ exposure. Exposure for 
twenty-four hours to a ten-per-cent solution failed to kill the tubercle 
bacillus (Schill and Fischer). A solution of one per cent kills the 
anthrax bacillus, the bacillus of rothlauf, and several others (Jager). 
The addition of 0.14 per cent restrains the development of the typhoid 
bacillus, and 0.18 per cent kills this bacillus in four or five hours; the 
cholera spirillum failed to grow in cultures containing 0.18 per cent 
and was killed by 0.237 per cent in the same time (Kitasato). 
Sodium Hydroxide, NuaHO.—The experiments of Jager and of 
Kitasato show that soda has about the same germicidal power as 
caustic potash. Boer obtained the following results with bouillon 
cultures after two hours’ exposure: Anthrax bacillus, 1: 450; diph- 
theria bacillus, 1:300; glanders bacillus, 1: 150; typhoid bacillus, 
1:190; cholera spirillum, 1:150. In about one-half the amount 
required to destroy vitality the development of the above-named bac- 
teria was prevented. Inthe proportion of 1:56 it acts as an anti- 
septic (Miquel). 
Ammonia, NH,.—In Kitasato’s experiments the typhoid bacillus 
was destroyed in five hours by 0.3 per cent of NH,, and the cholera 
spirillum by about the same amount. Boer obtained the following 
results, the time of exposure being two hours: Anthrax bacillus, 
1:300; diphtheria bacillus, 1: 250; glanders bacillus, 1 : 250 ; typhoid 
bacillus, 1:200; cholera spirillum, 1:350. The growth of the an- 
thrax bacillus and of the diphtheria bacillus in culture solutions was 
prevented by 1 : 650. 
Calctum Hydroxide, CatHO.—According to Kitasato, the ty- 
phoid bacillus and the cholera spirillum, in bouillon cultures, are 
killed in four or five hours by the addition of 0.1 per cent of calcium 
oxide. Liborius had previously reported still more favorable results, 
but his bouillon cultures were largely diluted with distilled water. 
From a practical point of view the experiments of Pfuhl are more 
valuable. Calcium hydrate was added to the dejections of typhoid 
patients. When added in the proportion of three per cent steriliza- 
tion was effected in six hours, and by six per cent in two hours. 
When milk of lime containing twenty per cent of calcium hydrate 
was used the results were still more favorable, the typhoid bacillus 
and cholera spirillum being killed in one hour by the addition of 
two per cent of the disinfectant. The practical value of lime-wash 
applied to walls has been determined by Jager. Silk threads soaked 
in cultures of various pathogenic bacteria were attached to boards 
and the lime-wash applied with a camel’s-hair brush. Anthrax ba- 
-cilli (without spores), the glanders bacillus, Staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus, and several other pathogenic bacteria were killed by a single 
application after twenty-four hours, but the tubercle bacillus was not 
