IV. 
PROTECTIVE INOCULATIONS. 
ANTHRAX. 
THE discovery of the anthrax bacillus by Davaine (1863), and the 
demonstration of its etiological relation to the disease with which it is 
associated, by the researches of Pasteur, Toussaint, Koch (1878-1881) 
and other pioneers in this field of investigation, constitute the foun- 
dation of our present knowledge of bacteriology and of the practical 
results attained in protective inoculations and serum-therapy. Anda 
review of the literature relating to the anthrax bacillus would show, 
in a most interesting manner, the successive steps by which we have 
arrived at the important results which have gone so far toward estab- 
lishing medicine upon a scientific basis. In the present volume, 
however, we must confine our attention to those investigations which 
relate directly to the subject in hand. 
Toussaint, a pioneer in researches relating to protective inocula- 
tions, has a short paper in the Comptes-Rendus of the French Academy 
of Sciences of July 12th, 1880, entitled “Immunity from Anthrax 
(“charbon”) Acquired as a Result of Protective Inoculations.” 
Tn this paper he announces his discovery of the important fact that 
the anthrax bacillus does not form spores in the tissues or liquids of 
the body of an infected animal, but multiplies alone by binary divi- 
sion—“sa multiplication se fait toujours par une division du mycélium.” 
In the same communication he reports his success in conferring 
immunity upon five sheep by means of protective inoculations, and 
also upon four young dogs. We must therefore accord him the prior- 
ity in the publication of experimental data demonstrating the practi- 
cability of accomplishing this result. 
Toussaint does not give his method in the communication above 
referred to, but the following quotation from a communication made 
to the Academy of Sciences on March 19th, 1881, by Pasteur, shows 
the method, and at the same time demonstrates the fact that Tous- 
saint was the first to produce immunity by the use of sterilized cul- 
tures. Pasteur says: 
‘‘By inoculating sheep either with defibrinated blood from an animal 
dead of anthrax, after filtration through several thicknesses of paper, or 
