318 PROTECTIVE INOCULATIONS. 
precautions are taken in giving these injections, and a little absorbent 
cotton is placed over the puncture. 
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 
This is an infectious disease of cattle, sheep, goats, and swine, the 
etiology of which, so far as the specific infectious agent is concerned, 
has not been determined. 
The extent to which the disease in question prevails in some parts 
of Europe is shown by the statistics for 1891 of the prevalence of this 
disease in Germany. According to the Reichsseuchenbericht it pre- 
vailed most extensively in the southern portion of Germany. The 
total number of infected farms was 47,865; the total number of in- 
fected cattle was 394,640; of sheep, 240,904; of goats, 3,378; of swine, 
182,208. Behla (1892) has made inoculation experiments with the 
filtered saliva of infected cattle to which he added one to two per cent 
of carbolic acid, and claims to have produced immunity in young pigs 
and lambs. The duration is not, however, very long even in animals 
which have recovered from an attack of the disease—said to be from 
six months to three years—and a practical method of restricting the 
disease by means of protective inoculations has not as yet been intro- 
duced. 
GLANDERS. 
_ The toxic substances produced in cultures of the glanders bacillus 
when concentrated in the form of a glycerin extract constitute the so- 
called mallein, which has been extensively used in the diagnosis of 
glanders in horses. As is the case when animals infected with tuber- 
culosis are inoculated with tuberculin, animals infected with glanders 
have a decided rise of temperature after receiving a sufficient dose of 
mallein beneath the skin. 
Babes (1892) reports that the toxic substance in cultures of the 
glanders bacillus may be obtained by precipitation with alcohol; and 
that mallein obtained from filtered cultures to which glycerin has 
been added, or the alcoholic precipitate, may be successfully used 
for protecting susceptible animals against glanders infection or for 
curing the disease after infection. He has demonstrated the thera- 
peutic value upon guinea-pigs and upon two horses which are said to 
have been cured of chronic glanders. When large and repeated doses 
are injected into healthy animals they produce nephritis and general 
marasmus. The action upon horses infected with glanders is very 
marked and small doses may even cause death. 
Kresling (1892) recommends potato cultures as preferable to bouil- 
