PROTECTIVE INOCULATIONS. 349 
animals which have un acquired immunity against symptomatic an- 
thrax are also immune against the pathogenic action of the bacillus of 
malignant oedema; but Kitasato was unable to confirm this. 
Strebel, in 1885, published the results of protective inoculations 
made in Switzerland in 1884. The inoculations were made in the end 
of the tail with two “vaccines,” with an interval between the two of 
from nine to fourteendays. The vaccines were prepared by exposure 
to heat, as above recommended by Arloing, Cornevin, and Thomas. 
The most favorable season for inoculations was found to be the spring, 
and the most favorable age of cattle for inoculation from five months 
to two years. 
Tn seven Swiss cantons 2,199 cattle were inoculated; 1,810 inocu- 
lations were made among animals which were exposed in dangerously 
infected pastures. Of these but 2 died, one two months and the 
other four months after the protective inoculations. Among 908 in- 
oculated cattle, which were pastured with 1,650 others not inoculated, 
the mortality was 0.22 per cent, while the loss among the latter was 
6.1 per cent. The following year (1885), according to Strebel, the 
number of inoculations, exclusive of those made in the canton of Bern, 
was 35,000. The losses among inoculated animals are reported as hav- 
ing been about five times less than among those not protected in this 
way. In the canton of Bern, in the same year, according to Hess, 
15,187 cattle were inoculated by thirty-eight veterinarians—12,190 of 
these were pastured in dangerously infected pastures. The results 
are said to have been favorable to the method, but the abstract at 
hand does not give the precise figures. 
In 1887 Kitt reported the results of his investigations, which were 
confirmatory of those previously published by Arloing, Cornevin, 
and Thomas, and also of a new method of inoculation, which pre- 
sented the advantage that a single inoculation was sufficient to confer 
immunity. This was made in the region of the shoulder with a vac- 
cine somewhat stronger than that employed by the French bacteriol- 
ogists, but which was found to be without danger for cattle. It 
produced only a slight local effect. His vaccine was prepared by 
heating the moistened flesh of an animal just dead from the disease 
to 85° to 90° GC. for six hours. This did not kill the spores present, 
but caused a sufficient attenuation in their virulence. 
Tn a later communication (1888) Kitt recommends that the flesh of 
the diseased animal be first dried and pulverized, and then subjected 
to a temperature of 100° C. in streaming steam for six hours, after 
which it is to be again dried and used for subcutaneous inoculations. 
The dose is from five to fifteen centigrammes. 
