646 BACTERIA IN THE SOIL. 
The researches of Proskauer (1891) confirm those of Frankel and 
others as to the rapid diminution in the number of bacteria in the 
deeper layers of the soil. They also agree with those of Gartner in 
showing that in the soil of churchyards the number of bacteria 
diminishes greatly in the soil beneath the layer containing coffins. 
In general the influence of dead bodies upon the bacteria in the soil 
in the vicinity of coffins was very slight; in the subsoil of the grave- 
yard there were not many more bacteria than in similar soil outside 
of this. Reimers had previously shown that samples of earth from 
two graves, in one of which the body had been buried for thirty-five 
years and in the other for one and one-half years, gave similar re- 
sults when examined by bacteriological methods. 
Manfredi in 1892 published the results of his extended investiga- 
tions relating to the dust in the streets of Naples. The number of 
bacteria varied greatly in different parts of the city. In streets 
where the traffic was least and hygienic conditions the best the 
average number was 10,000,000 per gramme. In dirty and busy 
thoroughfares the average was 1,000,000,000, and in certain locali- 
ties the number was even five times as great as this. Injections into 
guinea-pigs gave a positive result in seventy-three per cent of the 
animals experimented upon. Among the known pathogenic bacte- 
ria obtained in this way were the pus cocci (in eight), Bacillus tuber- 
eulosis (in three), the bacillus of malignant cedema, and the tetanus 
bacillus. 
In the memoir of Fiilles (1891) the following species are described 
as having been found by him in the soil at Freiburg, Germany: 
MICROCOCCI. 
(a) Non-liquefying.—Micrococcus aurantiacus (Cohn), Micrococcus can- 
didus (Cohn), Micrococcus luteus (Cohn), Micrococcus candicans (Fliigge), 
Micrococcus versicolor (Fliigge), Micrococcus cinnabareus (Fliigge), Micro- 
coccus cereus albus (Passet), Micrococcus fervitosus (Adametz), Rother coc- 
cus (Maschek). 
(b) Liquefying.—Micrococcus flavus liquefaciens (Fliigge), Micrococcus 
flavus desidens (Fliigge), Diplococcus luteus (Adametz), Sarcina lutea. 
NON-PATHOGENIC BACILLI. 
(a) Non-liquefying.—Bacillus fluorescens putidus (Fliigge), Bacillus mus- 
ecoides (Liborius), Bacillus scissus (Frankland , Bacillus candicans, Bacillus 
diffusus (Frankland), Bacillus filiformis (Tils), Bacillus luteus (Fliigge), 
Fluorescent water bacillus (Eisenberg), Bacillus viridis pallescens (Frick), 
Bluish-green fluorescent bacillus (Adametz), Bacillus stolonatus (Adametz), 
Bacillus Ziirnianum (List), Bacillus aérogenes (Miller), Bacillus No. 1 and 
Bacillus No. 2 (Fiilles). 
(b) Liquefying.—Bacillus ramosus liquefaciens (Fliigge), Bacillus liqui- 
dus (Frankland), Bacillus ramosus—‘‘ wurzel bacillus,” Bacillus subtilis 
