BACTERIA OF THE SURFACE OF THE BODY. 649 
ger nails Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus associated with various 
other microérganisms. A similar result had previously been reported 
by Bockhart. 
In his examinations of water from various sources Miquel found 
that ‘‘wash-water” from the floating laundries on the Seine con- 
tained more bacteria than water from any other source, even than 
the water of the Paris sewers. His enumeration gave twenty-six 
million germs per cubic centimetre. 
Hohein has enumerated the colonies developing from undercloth- 
ing worn for various lengths of time and made of different kinds of 
material. A piece of the goods to be tested was sewed fast to the 
underclothing, so as to come in immediate contact with the body ; at 
the end of a given time a fragment one-quarter of a centimetre square 
was cut up as fine as possible and distributed in nutrient gelatin. 
Plates were made and the colonies counted at the end of five or six 
days. 
In an experiment in which sterilized woven goods were worn next 
to the skin of the upper arm the following results were obtained : 
Linen goods, at the end of’ one day 28, two days 4,180 colonies ; cot- 
ton goods, end of one day 105, end of two days 1,870 ; woollen goods, 
end of one day 606, end of two days 6,799. When the material had 
been in contact with the skin for four days the colonies which devel- 
oped were so numerous that they could not be counted. 
Maggiora isolated twenty-two species of bacteria from his cultures 
inoculated with epidermis from the foot. None of these proved to 
be pathogenic for mice, rabbits, or guinea-pigs. Several gave off a 
strong odor of trimethylamin, similar to that of sweating feet. 
The following species have been found upon the surface of the 
body : 
Non-pathogenic.—Diplococcus albicans tardus (Unna and Tommasoli), 
Diplococcus citreus liquefaciens (Unna and Tommasoli), Diplococcus flavus 
liquefaciens tardus (Unna and Tommasoli), Staphylococcus viridis flaves- 
cens (Guttmann), Bacillus graveolens (Bordoni-Uffreduzzi), Bacillus epider- 
midis (Bordoni), Ascobacillus citreus (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus fluo- 
rescens liquefaciens minutissimus (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus aureus 
(Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus ovatus minutissimus (Unna and Tomma- 
soli), Bacillus albicans pateriformis (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus spini- 
ferus (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus of Scheurlen, Micrococcus tetragenus 
versatilis (Sternberg), Bacillus Havaniensis liquefaciens (Sternberg). 
Pathogenic. —Staphylococeus pyogenes albus, Staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Diplococcus of Demme, Bacillus of | emme, 
Bacillus of Schimmelbusch, Bacillus of Tommasoli, Bacillus saprogenes IT. 
(Rosenbach), Bacillus parvus ovatus (LOffler). 
SURFACE OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES. 
Cultures made from the conjunctive of healthy persons usually 
show the presence of various micrococci, and sometimes of bacilli. 
