Chap. 6.] I'ISHBS. 367 



CHAP. 6. ■WHETHEH FISHES EESPIEB, ASD WHETHEE IHET 



SLEEP. 



Balsense have the mouth" in the forehead; and hence it is 

 that, as they swim on the surface of the water, they discharge 

 vast showers of water in the air. (7.) It is universally agreed, 

 however, that they respire, as do a very few other animals'* 

 in the sea, which have lungs among the internal viscera ; for 

 without lungs it is generally supposed that no animal can 

 breathe. Those, too, who are of this opinion are of opinion 

 s(lso that no fishes that have giUs are so constituted as to 

 inhale and exhale alternately, nor, in fact, many other kinds of 

 animals even, which are entirely destitute of giUs. This, I find, 

 was the opinion of Aristotle,'* who, by his learned researches*' 

 on the subject, has induced many others to be of the same, 

 way of thinking. I shall not, however, conceal the fact, that 

 I for one do not by any means at once subscribe to this 

 opinion, for it is very possible, if such be the will of Nature, 

 that there may be other organs" fitted for the purposes of 

 respiration, and acting in the place of lungs ; just as in many 

 animals a different liquid altogether takes the place Of blood." 

 And who, in fact, can 'find any ground for surprise that the 

 breath of life can penetrate the waters of the deep, when ho 



" " Ora." Cuvier remarks, that it is not the " mouth of the animal but 

 the nostrils, that are situate on the top of the head, and that through these 

 it sends forth vast fcolumns of water." Aristotle, in his Hist. Anim. B. i. 

 c. 3, has a similar passage, from which Flinjr copied this assertion of his. 

 - '8 CuTier remarks, that these are the animals of the cetaceous class, 

 which resemble the quadrupeds in the formation of the viscera, their 

 respiration, and the mammae ; and which, in fact, only differ from them in 

 their general form, which more nearly resembles that of fishes. 



39 Hist. Anim. B. viii. c. i 



*» " DootriniB indaginibus." This certainly seems a better reading than 

 " doctrina indignis," which has been adopted by Sillig, and which would 

 make complete nonsense of the passage. 



" Dalechamps states that Cselius Ehodiginus, B. iv. c. 15, has entered 

 very fully into this subject. 



^ Cuvier remarks, on this passage, that the moUusca have, instead of 

 blood, a kind of azure or colourless liquid. He observes also, that insects 

 respire by means of tracheae, or elastic tubes, which penetrate into every 

 part of the body ; and that the gills of fish are as essentially an organ of 

 respiration as the lungs. All, he says, that Pliny adds as to the introduc- 

 tioh of air into water, is equally conformable to truth ; and that it is by 

 means of the air mingled with the water, or of the atmosphere which they 

 inhale at the surface, that fishes respire. 



