HISTORY OF FARM 



and timing the disappearance first 

 of flame, and then of red glow. 



3. The btu-ning quality of the 

 same kind of wood in different con- 

 ditions, green and dead, sapwood 

 and heartwood; dead wood wet and 

 dry, sound and punk; pieces from 

 knot and from straight grained por- 

 tions, etc., may be tested 

 paragraph I. 



4. Ancient methods of starting a 



as m 



Fig. 47. Rubbing sticks £or 

 fire making: a, drill-socket, 

 to which pressure is applied 

 with the left hand (a pine 



it° wiii"do %r 1;his) ; 6,\he fire may be demonstrated in the ititer- 



stkk ^ab°ou?^ fifteen" irch°es vals whilc waiting for the pieces used 



long; the top should work . j j. i_ j. 



smoothly in the drill socket; in I, 2, and 3 tO DUm OUt. 



With 



J inelastic bow for rotating ,- , ■. -^j^™.- «*,„ 



drill. It is moved horizont- the apparatus shown m ng. 47 any- 



ally back and forth with the 

 ' s cord, d, is a 

 leather thong with enough 



right hand; its cord, d, is a ouc Can Start a fire by friction of one 



siack^to tightly ^encirde the piecc of wood upon another and care- 

 d^ baSi fir. or of TouoS- fiilly nursing the first resiilting spark. 

 wood. ^°°dbsIr^r^\ow fhe FHnt and steel and tinder may also 



notches are cut with sides ^ i. ' A 



flaring downward, a little pit be tneu. . 



to receive the point of the 



fire drill is at the apex of 



each one; 7 is a used-out 



notch: 2 is yet in use; j is a 



new unused notch : the 



rotating of the drill with 



pressure from above rubs off 



a brownish wood powder 



which falls beneath the 



notch and smokes, and then. 



with gentle fanning, ignites. 



A dry piece of punk should 



be placed beneath the notch 



to catch it, and some fine 



tinder (such as may be 



readily made by scraping 



fine, dry cedar wood) should - . - .,, * i* •. j 



be added to catch the first hickory Will exude a very Imuted 



quantity of delicious * 'hickory honey. 

 (b) By burning pieces of chestnut, sumach, etc., the crack- 

 ling of woods may be demonstrated : also the ember throw- 

 ing habit of hemlock, A shower of sparks may be had by 

 throwing on green and leafy boughs of hemlock and balsam. 



5. Some interesting peculiarities 

 of certain woods may be shown at a 

 common fire: 



(a) By having green chunks, 

 burning at one end the liquids in 

 the wood may be made visible. 

 Green elm will exude water at the 

 other end; red maple will froth; 



