154 BIRDS OF OHIO. 
213. (587.) Preto ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Linn.). 109. 
Towhee. 
Synonyms: Fringilla erythrophthalma. 
Towhee Bunting, Chewink, Ground Robin, Marsh Robin, 
Red-eyed Towhee, Jewee, Joree, Pink-pink, Wink, Wink- 
wink, Pipilo, Turkey Sparrow. 
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164. 
Towhee is a resident over most of the state, but in small 
numbers north. It is likely that the resident birds are males 
while the females are more migratory. In northern Ohio 
the winter birds must be looked for in well protected places 
where food is easily obtainable. During the summer the 
Towhee may be found in almost any thicket bordered 
woods, or in the lower brushy second growth. I have found 
nests in the higher, more open woods, as well as in the 
brushy tangles. No one who visits the woods can have 
failed to make the acquaintance of this strong-voiced bird. 
The food habits do not seem to have been carefully in- 
vestigated, but from the structure and general habits one’ 
might infer that this rather unsparrow-like sparrow feeds 
more after the fashion of the Robin. Such insects as haunt 
the ground are eaten in considerable quantities, as well as 
the weed seeds that may be found in the woods. It is cer- 
tainly true that Towhee is useful as a weed destroyer. 
The migrating females reach southern Ohio about the 
middle of April and depart about the middle of November. 
The migrating males reach Oberlin about the middle of 
March, and but few remain after the first of November. 
214. (593.) CARDINALIS CARDINALIS (Linn.). 110. 
Cardinal. 
Synonyms: Cardinalis virginianus, Fringilla cardinalis, Pity- 
lus cardinalis, Loxia cardinalis. 
Cardinal Redbird, Crested Redbird, Top-knot, Redbird. 
Audubon, Orn. Biog., IJ, 1834, 366. 
Cardinal is now a common resident over the entire state. 
Ten years ago it was scarce in Lorain county, and even now 
is far less numerous at the lake shore than twenty miles 
