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HARDY FRUIT GARDEN. 



Mr Thomas Rivers, in his excellent pamphlet 

 on the culture of " Pyramidal Fruit Trees," 

 gives the following list of twenty-four dessert, 

 and the same number of kitchen apples, ripen- 

 ing from July to June the following year, placed 

 in the order of their ripening : — 



Dessert apples. — " Juneating White, Early red 

 Margaret, Red Astrachan, Early harvest, Irish 

 peach, Kerry pippin, Pine-apple russet, Margil, 

 Ribston pippin; Golden reinette, Maclean's fav- 

 ourite, Golden drop (Coe's), Ashmead's kernel. 

 Nonpareil (old), Reinette Van Mons, Newtown 

 pippin (yellow), Sykehouse russet, Pearson's 

 plate, Reinette du Canada, Golden Harvey, 

 Winter peach-apple, Spring Ribston pippin, Vic- 

 toria (Hulbert's), Sturmer pippin." 



Culinary sorts. — " Hawthornden, Nonsuch, 

 Large yellow bough. New Hawthornden, Selina, 

 Emperor Alexander, Gravenstein, Blenheim pip- 

 pin. South Carolina pippin, Monstrous Leading- 

 ton, Wadhurst pippin, Waltham Abbey seedling, 

 Round winter nonsuch, Herefordshire pearmain. 

 Winter Colman, Bedfordshire foundling,Oreave's 

 pippin, Dumelow's seedling. New Bess Poole, 

 Pomme royal, Baxter's pearmain, Brabant belle 

 fleur, Rostocker, Gooseberry apple." 



LIST OF CIBER APPLES. 

 The earlier writers on pomology have left us 

 a scanty list of cider apples ; even Mr Knight, 

 in " Treatise on the Apple and Pear, and the 

 Manufacture of Cider and Perry," says, " I do 

 not think Herefordshire so much indebted for 

 its fame as a cider country to any peculiarity in 

 the soil, as to the possession of a few very valu- 

 able varieties of fruits." Rogers considerably 

 extends the list of cider apples, and remarks of 

 the following two popular sorts, the Styre and 

 Red-must, that the former produces the best 

 cider from light soils, while the latter yields the 

 best from strong heavy land. Mr Knight was 

 of opinion that the Siberian Harvey and Foxley 

 are superior to all others for the purpose of the 

 press. Mr Lindley, in " Guide to the'Orchard," 

 describes several; and the "Fruit Catalogue" 

 of the London Horticultural Society enumerates 

 even more. The most complete list, however, 

 is that given by Mr Hogg in " British Pomo- 

 logy," and, we believe, contains all that are 

 worth cultivating for the purpose (the specific 

 gravities we have added to Mr Hogg's list) — viz. : 

 Alban, Bennet apple (specific gravity of juice, 

 1073) ; Best bache, Brainton seedling, Brierly's 

 seedling, Bringewood, Bovey red streak. Cad- 

 bury, Coccagee, (gravity same as the last) ; 

 Cowarne red, Devonshire red streak, Devonshire 

 wilding, (spec, grav., 1069) ; Downton pippin, 

 Dymmock red. Forge, (spec, grav., 1080); Forest 

 styre, (spec, grav., from 1076 to 1081); Foxley, 

 (spec, grav., 1080); Fox whelp, (spec, grav., 

 1076 to 1080) ; Friar, (spec, grav., 1073); Garter, 

 (spec, grav., 1066) ; Golden Harvey, (spec, grav., 

 1085); Golden pippin. Golden Worcester, (spec, 

 grav., 1078); Grange, (spec, grav.,1079) ; Hagloc 

 crab, Hogshead — a fruit of remarkable value, 

 (spec. grav., 1 081), — reqviires a dry calcareous soil 

 to bring the fruit to perfection. So highly is 

 the cider from this apple prized, that sixty 

 guineas have been offered and refused for a hogs- 



head (about 110 gallons). Isle of Wight pippin, 

 Kingston black, Minchall crab, Monkton, (spec, 

 grav., 1074) ; Pawsan, Red Ingestrie, (spec, grav., 

 1076); Red-must, (spec. grav.. 1064); Red streak. 

 Royal wilding, (spec. grav. 1079); Siberian Bitter 

 sweet, (spec, grav., 1091) ; Siberian Harvey, Sops 

 in wine,(spec. grav., 1091) ; Steade's kernel,Sweet 

 Lading, WinterLading,(spec.grav.,1074); Wood- 

 cock, Winter pearmain, (spec, grav., 1073) ; Yel- 

 low Elliot, Yellow Ingestrie, (spec, grav., 1076.) 



Many of our best apples are of French origin. 

 The following key to the pronunciation of their 

 names may be useful : — 



Court-Pendu Plat. — Coor pahn-du plah. 



Drap d'Or. — Drap dor. 



Fenouillet Gris.— Fen-nool-yai gree. 



Male Carle. — Mai carle. 



Pomme de Neige. — Pum de naije. 



Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett blansh 

 d'Espagn. 



Reinette Triomphant. — Ren-ett tre-ome-fant. 



DISEASES. 



The diseases to which the apple tree in a 

 natural state is subject are few. In an arti- 

 ficial state they are many : some occasioned 

 by being planted in an improper soil, brought 

 on by injudicious management, late spring-frosts, 

 unsuitable climate, accidental injuries, and the 

 growth upon them of parasitic plants, such as 

 the mistletoe, fungi, various species of lichens, 

 &c. The first of these are to be removed by 

 piilling the plants out of the branches during 

 winter, and the two latter by washing with caus- 

 tic lime-water, and painting the old wood over 

 during winter with vegetable spirits of tar. 

 Draining the ground, thinning the branches, 

 and promoting a free circulation of air through 

 the trees, greatly prevents cryptogamic plants 

 from establishing themselves on the trees. 



Canker has been variously accounted for ; the 

 chief cause, however, may be stated to be un- 

 congenial soil, cold climate, accidental wounds, 

 arising often from careless pruning ; and some 

 have considered it a hereditary disease. Mr 

 Rivers, who has long studied the cultivation of 

 fruit trees, is incliniBd to think that planting on 

 mounds, examiniugthe roots annually in aiitumn, 

 BO that they may be carefully pruned, and pre- 

 vented from penetrating into a bad subsoil, 

 keeping the roots near the surface, and supplying 

 them with fresh soil at their extremities, &c., 

 will be found a complete remedy. " I am not 

 quite satisfied," he says, " on that head, but am 

 strongly inclined to think that canker may be 

 entirely prevented by this annual attention to 

 the roots, so that if the soil be unfavourable and 

 apt to induce a too vigorous growth in apple 

 trees, followed by canker, the roots should be 

 annually pruned ; but if the trees make shoots 

 of only moderate vigour, and are healthy and 

 fruitful, their roots may remain undisturbed ; 

 and pinching their roots in summer, and train- 

 ing them in a proper direction, if required, is all 

 that the trees will want." 



There is no doubt that canker in fruit trees, 

 if not entirely, is greatly owing to the cold 

 subsoil into which their roots often descend. 

 This was pointed out long ago by Mr Reid of 



