Cuar. XIII] LEECHES. 485 
generally avail themselves of the opportunity afforded 
by the dipping of the muzzles of the animals in the 
water to fasten on their nostrils, and by degrees to 
make their way to the deeper recesses of the nasal pas- 
sages, and the mucous membranes of the throat and 
gullet. As many as a dozen have been found attached 
to the epiglottis and pharynx of a bullock, producing 
such irritation and submucous effusion that death has 
eventually ensued; and so tenacious are the leeches that 
even after death they retain their hold for some hours.! 
ARTICULATA. 
APTERA. 
THYSANURA. 
Podura albicollis. 
atricollis. 
viduata. 
rlosa. 
Archoreutes coccinea. 
Lepisma nigrofasciata, Temp. 
nigra. 
ARACHNIDA. 
Buthus afer, Linn, 
Ceylonicus, Kock. 
Scorpio linearis. 
Chelifer librorum, 
oblongus. 
Ohisium crassifemur. 
Phrynus lunatus, Pail. 
Thelyphonus caudatus, Linn. 
Phalangium drsignatum, 
Mygale fasciata, Wailck. 
Olios taprobanius, Walck. 
Nephila en aR 
1 Even men, when stooping to 
drink at a pool, are not safe from 
the assault of the cattle leeches. 
They cannot penetrate the human 
skin, but the delicate membrane of 
the mucous passages is easily rup- 
Il 
Trombidium tinctorum, Herm. 
Oribata . . 
Ixodes . . 
? 
MYRIAPODA, 
Cermatia déspar. 
Lithobius umbratilis. 
Scolopendra crassa. 
spinosa, Newp. 
pallipes. 
Grayti ? Newp. 
tuberculidens, Newp. 
Ceylonensis, Newp. 
flava, Newp. 
olivacea, 
abdominalis, 
Cryptops sordidus. 
assimtlis. 
Geophilus tegudarius. 
Spectosus. 
Julus aver. 
carnifex, Fabr. 
pallipes. 
JSiaviceps. 
pallidus. 
tured by their serrated jaws. In- 
stances have come to my knowledge 
of Europeans into whose nostrils 
they had gained admission and 
caused serious disturbance. 
3 
