FORESTRY MANUAL. 



GEAFES. 



Should be planted quite deeply— -18 inches or more— and then be well pro- 

 tected the first winter by being laid down and covered with earth, and if of 

 tender varieties they should be protected every winter. The first year but 

 one cane should be grown, the next not more than two, and the third a little 

 fruit may be obtained. Plant in rows six to eight feet apart and train to 

 trellis or stakes, vines four to eight feet in the row. A trellis may be made 

 of three wires, the highest not more than four to five feet high, or stakes 

 may be used from two to four inches in diameter. With the trellis you can 

 cultivate or plow but one way, while with the stakes plowing may be done 

 both ways. The pruning should be done in the fall, winter or spring, before 

 the buds begin to swell. No definite rule can be given for pruning, but in 

 doing it we should bear in mind that only the last year's growth produces 

 fruit. A young or feeble vine should not have too much bearing-wood left 

 on lest it overbear, while a strong and well-established vine may be more 

 heavily taxed. Cultivation of the vines with the plow, cultivator, one-horse 

 harrow or hoe should be begun as soon as the ground is in good condition to 

 work in the spring, and it should be kept up until well into midsummer or 

 later. Closs pruning induces the growth of large berries and large' bunches, 

 while a superabundance of fruit-bearing wood tends to the production of 

 numerous small bunches, with smaller berries. Each bud on last year's 

 growth of wood may be counted on to produce from one to five bunches of 



grapes when the vine is well pruned. 



\ 



OECHAED PLANTING AND CAKE. 



For orchard planting preparation of the ground should be begun in Octo- 

 ber by giving the soil a deep plowing, or what is still better, a good trench- 

 plowing or subsoiling, and the plowing should be done so that each row of 

 trees can be planted in a dead-furrow. Fall is preferable to spring plowing, 

 for the reason that the soil is then in better condition to be worked, and 

 where the plowing is deep the frosts of winter and the rains of spring ren- 

 der the ground more friable, especially if the soil or subsoil be stiff clay. 

 The distance of the trees apart should not be less than twenty -five feet and, 

 where land is plenty, thirty feet is better. By a quincunx arrangement of 

 the rows a greater number of trees can be planted to the acre and still be 

 the same distance apart than where each tree stands directly opposite its 

 fellow tree in the adjoining rows. 



In selecting trees get them from a good, reliable nurseryman, and procure 

 them in the fall, soon after defoliation, and keep them over the winter well 

 buried in the ground, and by well buried I mean covered root and branch 

 with the earth in close contact with aR the roots. If trees have to be trans- 

 ported far from nursery to orchard the roots should be well protected from 

 the drying effects of both sun and winds. 



As soon in spring as the ground is in condition to be worked the planting 

 should be done. In the first place the rows should be measured off the re- 



