Arthropods and Man 5 



occurs in the dog louse, or in the dog or cat fleas, and by accidentally 

 ingesting the ircfested insect the vertebrate becomes infested. Simi- 

 larly, Hymenolepis diminuta, a common tapeworm of rats and mice, 

 and occasional in man, undergoes part of its life cycle in various meal- 

 infesting insects, and is accidentally taken up by its definitive host. 

 It is very probable that man becomes infested with Dracunculus 

 {Filaria) medinensis through swallowing in drinking water, the 

 crustacean, Cyclops, containing the larvffi of this worm. 



2. By infecting man or animals on whose skin or mucous mem- 

 branes the insect host may be crushed or may deposit its excrement. . 

 The pathogenic organism may then actively penetrate, or may be 

 inociilated by scratching. The causative organism of typhus fever 

 is thus transmitted by the body louse. 



3. By direct inoctdation by its bite, the insect host may transfer 

 the parasite which has tmdergone development within it. The 

 malarial parasite is thus transferred by mosquitoes ; the Texas fever 

 parasite by cattle ticks. 



