PHYLOGENY. 163 



characteristic of the Neanderthal race. No existing 

 race presents such a development, neither the Papu- 

 ans, Australians, nor Negroes of any race. But we 

 find the superciliary crests and underlying sinuses 

 identical in adult female orangs and chimpanzees and 

 young male gorillas. In the female chimpanzees the 

 crests are almost inferior in size to those of the man of 

 Spy. 



II. The retreating forehead of the two crania of 

 Spy is not found in any existing human race, while it 

 is typical of that of Neanderthal. It is characteristic 

 of female orangs and gorillas and of the young males 

 of both species, and of adult males and female chim- 

 panzees. It appears in existing men in rare and iso- 

 lated cases; [probably as survivals]. 



III. The prominent transverse superior semicircu- 

 lar crest of the occipital bone is found in existing races 

 among the Fellahs of Africa and the Nigritos. It is 

 characteristic of the Neanderthal skulls, and presents 

 exactly the same characters as the young male and 

 female orang and gorilla and young male and adult 

 female of the chimpanzee. 



IV. No human race presents the characters of the 

 lower jaw exhibited by those of Spy, Naulette, and 

 Shipka. In this part of their osteology the anthro- 

 poids depart widely from man, the most conspicuous 

 point in the latter being the presence of a chin. Ac- 

 cordingly, the angle formed by the anterior face of the 

 symphysis with the inferior border of the horizontal 

 ramus, is less than a right angle in man, and much 

 more than a right angle in the anthropoids. According 

 to Topinard, this angle in fifteen Parisians is 71.4°; in 

 fifteen African Negroes, 82.2"; in fifteen Neocaledo- 

 nians, 83.9°; in the jaw of Naulette, 94°. In the best 



