KAll.ROAD GAKDEXIXi,-; 



luoro effeotivr aihrrti.^iiii;- than l)y denionstrnt jii.l;- the 

 possil>ilities ut' the (.-..uiiti-y traversed fur h.niie-niakiiii^-. 

 Instead ot dreary wastes of dust and cinders, their way- 

 station g-nnmds should present refreslnui;- seenes nt' 

 shade and verdure. Their ^Tnunds shnuM h,- treated 

 aceordintj to the rules nf huids,-;i|M' art that hoM ^-i.ud in 

 ail phmtiu^'. Where ailjaeent hiuil dro[.s awav i^nvin-' 

 ii-ood vistas, these should he preserved; ohjec'tiunalile 

 features shouUl. as far as i>ossilde, be "}da'nted out;" 

 skylines should he varied, liaidvs elotlied. and variety 

 and views sujvplied, partieularlv in llat and unintrrest- 

 ini,^ rei^ioiis. 



in shore, railroad i::ardens should he in the hands uf 

 thnsf who will adorn iusU-ad of deface theiii; who will 

 look to the fornuition of features that will take care of 

 themselves after planting is established — features that 

 re<|uire considerable expenditure, a good knowledge of 

 troes and of shmhs, aud a large amount i.f tast-- in tlie 

 <U'si-ner at tlie onts.^t, hut after being est;il,lished. like 

 the island -ardens of Paris, "the hand of man niiirht b,- 

 withhehl for hall' a c-nTurv without their sutl'erinu' in the 

 least." 



Ji'<nlro<i<l (lanhH'n,,;! Lifcrfi/ar>'.~"^vvvu Lamps of 

 Arehite.-ture," hy Ruskiu. "Landscape ( lardeniu'i-." hv 

 Samuel Parsons. .\v. " (..)fuanuuLtal Hardeuiui;- for Ameri- 

 cans.- by Elias A. Long. "Oer Stiidtebau'' (Vol. 9 of 

 Part 4 of "?Iandhuch ^ler Architektur ") , Press of 

 Bergstrasser. Darmstadt. ]SW. Iiv J. Stiihheu. Bul- 

 letins of the r. S. Dept. of A-ric, Division of Forestrv, 

 especially No. 1 (1S80 aud Xu. 7 (189:;). "Uarden and 

 Forest." Jan. 111. 18.S9; Mar. i;!. 1889; Apr. :!. 1889; May 

 1. 1SS9: Oct. 4, I89:i; Ort. 2:\. 189;".. "Railroad (:4azette,'" 

 June -2, 1882; .Mav 9. LS84 ; Oct. 7, 1S87; <")ct. 21. 1887; 

 ^rar. 10. 1893: Apr. 7, 1899; Xov. :b 1899; Feb. Iti, 1900. 

 "Railway and Engineering Review," Oct. 2.'), 1890; Oct. 

 2;{. 1897; Sept. 9, 1899; Sept. 23, 1899; Apr. 14, 1900; 

 Sept. 29, 1900. "Railwav Age," Sept. 28, 1900. "Railway 

 World," Apr. 7, 1877. "Park and Cemetery," July, 1899. 

 " I*ark and Oemeterv and Landscape Gardening," March, 

 19110; May. 1900. ""Countrv Getitleman." Aiii,^. 23, 1900; 



RAISIN 



I49r. 



An-:. ::ib 1900. 



Fkaxces Coplev Seavev. 



RAIN-BERRY. Fhainun.^ ra(Jtartic<' . 



RAINBOW FLOWER. Iris. 



RAISIN. Fig. 2071. Up to about 30 years ago, practi- 

 cally the entire Raisin industry of the world was con- 

 fined to the Mediterranean districts of Europe and Asia. 

 While it is true that Raisin vines were planted in other 

 "widely distant countries at a mucli earlier date, e.g. — 

 Chile, where it is said they vrere known 200 years ago — 

 it was not until the early 70's that the Chilean Raisins. 

 as well as those of the newer districts of (.'alifornia and 

 Australia, were actually found in the markets of the 

 world. Since that time, however, the develi»pmeut of 

 thf industry in these new districts has been most rapid, 

 and it has been shown that even higher quality and flavor 

 are [.ossible. 



In < 'alifornia the growth of the Raisiu industry has 

 l.'ei-n euiu'nious, the output now reaching ahont 11)0,000.- 

 III 10 jiounds annually, or more than the em ire yearly 

 Consumption of the United States a few years ago. In 

 1894, the gn.'wers fonnd themselves face to face with 

 what was then thonght to be a serious prohlem of over- 

 production. The price of Raisins fell below the cost of 

 production. Lack of system in marketing has since been 

 shown to have been the cause, for l.)y cooperative nieth- 

 oils in gradini^, pa'-king aud marketing, the industry has 

 ai.^iin been placed on a sound and fairlv remunerative 

 i)asis. 



The first imiiortation aud |")la.uting of the ^'ines were 

 made in 1851, hut it was not until 180;! that the first 

 Califiu'nia cured Raisins were exhibited at the State 

 Fair, and it was not until 10 years later that the first 

 large-scale vineyards (one at Davisville. Solano county, 

 and another at Woodland. Volo county) came into full 

 lieaidng. One hundred and twenty thousand pounds were 

 produced that year, nearly all by these two vineyards. 

 Plauting in various parts of the state followed. Fresno, 

 Riverside. Fi ( 'ajon valley in San Diesro county, Los 

 AuLT'des arnl < )rarme ciuint ie> soon became important 



centers of tli 

 fruits ha.s n 

 all th.- last m 

 at presonl tli 



istry ; 



ml tlie production of citrous 

 ,\' largely superseded Kaisln-j^'njwing in 

 nlioiied except Ihe Fresn(^ district, where 

 e-foiirths ..)f the entire output (4' the state 

 The acreage is now about .70,000. with 

 utNU'ly 4r).(iiM) of these in the Fresno district, including 

 'L'niare, Merced and Kern counties. Tin- <dinuite of this 

 region is eminently snitahle for Raisin ciillni-e. The 

 suuuners ai'e hot and dry and the winter rains scanty 



id late, thus insn 

 ■api 



\Til 



nie, 



1 



all! 



iple oj, 

 it is th 

 o produce<l. As lh. 

 ssentiallv the same 

 f the practices of tli 



>rti 



irv f 



n-cUarine coi 

 'V sun-i-urin 

 ins of lii-li 

 vom;iic in al 



nt 



i\ w 



itv 



f the 

 ich 

 -an 



I ilisTri, 



I'l 



sume 



nns are 



■ syste 



as tlia! in l''resno. a si 

 at region will sullit-e. 

 Alluvial stiils and deep upland loams of tli 

 <'onsidered the best. Irri.Lcation is absolutely necessary. 

 .-Vt lirst fioodiui,'' and furrow irrigation were practiced, 

 hut since tin- pUu-ing of the ditr-hes the water has escaped 

 into and conijdetely filled the loose soils (in some cases 

 originally 00 ft. de'-^p) from hrlow. thus ]M-odncin,i;' a 

 systi'Ui of " suhirrigation," as it is called there; and it 

 is iu this ^va^■ that most of the vineyards ar^' supplied 

 with water at present. Indeeit, in some localities, it is 

 no l^in.LTi.'r a question of how to l>ring the water to the 

 land. I.mt more how to keep it out. Serious damage has 

 resulted in some of the lower vineyards, where the seep- 

 au'i^ water has completely swamjM-d the land. "Tight" 

 canals and dit(dies .at the start wouhl ha\"e a\'oided tins 

 troulile, hut it was not realized until too late. 



Tiie vines are all headed low, six inches being the 

 favorite height for the stump. With the exception of 

 the "Seedless Sultanas" and the "Thompson Sec-'dless," 

 wliich require long pruning, the canes are cut back 

 to 2 or 3 eyes; the numlier of canes left varies from 

 5 to 1."), according ti;> the ai;e and size of (ho stump. 

 Sunnner pruning is sehh^m ]u-ai-ticed. Clean, tliorough 

 tillage is nuiintained until the vines cover the ground 

 and obstruct operations. The grapes ripen about Sep- 

 teniber 1. and are allowed to become thoroughly ripe 

 before they are gathered. When the sugar percentage 

 has reached 23 or 24 per cent, the fruits are considered 

 ripe. The bunches are then cut with small shears 

 (care being taken not to rub off the bloom), placed on 

 wooden trays and exposed to the sxm. The time required 

 for full curing ranges 

 from 10-12 days for the 

 earlier grapes to as long 

 as three weeks for the 

 later ones. When the 

 juice has reached about 

 the consistency of jelly 

 the Raisins are placed in 

 " sweat boxes" to undergo 

 the "sweating" process, 

 iu <.>rder to e q u a 1 i z e 

 tiie moisture - c u n t e n t 

 tljroughout the whole 

 mass. The Raisins are 

 then reaily for grading 

 ami packing. A great 

 many brands and grades 

 have been packed, desig- 

 nated at first much the 

 same as the imported 

 o n e s , but lately, the 

 Association has endeav- 

 (U-ed to estaldish aud 

 maintain distincth" Call- 

 f o r n i a n brands. "0- 

 (_'rown Imperial Clus- 

 ters," "5 -Crown De- 

 li esas," "4-Crown Clus- 

 ters . " " 3 - Crown " and 

 "2 -Crown London Lay- 

 ers " are some of the 

 principal brands. The 

 loose or detached berries 

 are, of course, always 

 marketed separately as 

 distinct grades. A great many have lately been "seeded " 

 by means of a specially designed machine, put up in 

 l-lMHind and 'S-pound packages, and marketed f<ir cook- 



2071, Table or cluster Raisins 

 and "loose cooking" Rai- 

 sins (X ^o.). 



