1.J4G 



ROOT-f';ALLS 



EOS A 



iqiricot in tlir Suutlnve^t, 

 "_■ inrestiiratfil. 



XH on thr ruot^ of the ni 



s Ity tiie presence of the 



r1-s." Thi> young- insects, by 



rruriiii^" thi- einderinis of tlic 



s and sui-l\ing the sup. caiise 



to develop. Tlie in- 



oimd on the disriised 



\iU roots in all statces of develop- 



lueiit during" the summer. 



The most effective method 

 of hohling' the insect in check 

 ap|M';irs to he in tlie use C)f re- 

 sistant roots, i. e., the ,£rrafting 

 of the more tender varieties 

 on I'uots of those that are 

 stron,ii;er and better able to re- 

 sist the attack of the insect. 

 Bisulfide of carbon in some in- 

 stanres has proved effective in 

 killing tlie lice. 



The crown -gall appears to 

 be ihe most harmful uf root 

 diseases atfecting; cultivated 

 These galls have been reported 

 pea(di, apricot, altin^iid, prune, 

 plum, apple, pear, vralnut, i^rape, raspberrv, Idackiterry, 

 cherry, poplar and chestnut, and without doulit further 

 investigation will tlnd it upon other i)ia.nts as well. 



As yet it is not known whether tlie crown-f^^all as at 

 prespht known always arises from the same cause, as 

 thi-- -;ills vary considerably on different plants and tlie 

 rausi- has been <lefinitely ascertained oidy in a few 

 irjslaiires. Tlie fleshy oute:rowtlis sr, abundant in thi- 



2145. A Root-gall. 



plants in this country. 

 upon the roots of the 



i.nd allied 



ire caused 



which is 



'oa.r 1o be 

 rticularly 



.S.KUhwest on the rc.ots of the pea<'h, apri<-.it ; 

 plants, known under the uauir of crowu-irall, ; 

 by a. sHuic-fnni;-us {Or,nh-'>/>Jni{iiis (/Io/h,shs}, 

 parasitic in the infested roots. 



Seedlings from one to six nn.ntlis old ap] 

 most susi-eptihle to this disiase, hence it is ]>a 

 destructive to nursci-y stork. When the g'alls appear on 

 young trees they ahnosl always oc<.-ur on the side of the 

 mam root a few inches helow the surface of the soil, or 

 in the region of Ihe crown. With more mature trees 

 they are likely to occur at -reater depth on lateral roots 

 At tirst rhe gall has a. uniform 

 later it iH-coun-s warty from 



tissue of the developinjg gall is soft and succulent, witli 

 nodules of woody tissue scattered through it. The galls 

 vary nmidi in size and may reach a diameter of ten 

 inches. 



But little i^ known as to remedies for crown-gall. As 

 the disease is ].n-iuuirily a nursery disea.se, the njost 

 el'fecti\'e j-euiedy is in securing stock for jdaiiting from 

 a non-infested nui-ser\'. Tlie disease can be held in 

 <dieck to some extent in infested orcliards by cutting off 

 the galls that appear on the tree hides at the surface of 

 the soil and ai'idying to the woumls a paste made from 



'luestone and lin;e 



J. W. 'J'OUMEV. 



'<|ua 



•ea.ranoe, but 

 rowth. The 



KOQUETTE or KOCKET-SALAD (I-Jrura saOva, 

 J\liii.), a li.iw-growing Ijardy arjunal fi'om soutljern Eu- 

 rope, wliose h-a\'es resemhle those of radish and turni|), 

 is much used by the I'^rench as a spring and autumn 

 salad and put-iierb. The flavor of the young, tender 

 leavi's, whicli are the parts used, bears a strong reseni- 

 idance to that of horse-radish. In America it is but 

 little grown. 



The first sowing may be made in early spring, the 

 seed heing dropped tiiinly in shallow <.lrills a foot apart, 

 with suc<'essioual i)lautings eatdi second or third week 

 through ilie .season. The soil must be rich and well 

 su].>plied with moisture, else the leaves will probably be 

 tough and acrid. Inrer-(.'ulture is the same as for spin- 

 ach, lettuce and similar cro[)s. Freriuent watering and 

 tillage in Init, dry weather to insure rapid, vigorous 

 growth should result in succulent, mild-tlavored leaves. 

 In summer the plants run rapidly to seed; in spring 

 aufl autumn they will produce abundantly after being 

 <-ut. The pale citron-yellow flowers emit a perfume re- 

 sembling that of orange blossoms. jj^ q Kains 



ROSA (ancient Latin name). J^osacew. Rose. Orna- 

 mental deciduous shrubs, upright or climbing or creep- 

 ing, usually with prickly stems, alternate, stipulate, 

 odd-iumiate, rarely simple leaves, showy purplish, car- 

 mine, pink or white flowers, and conspicuous, often or- 

 namental, usually scarlet fruits. There is probably no 

 lh>wer more i)opuiar and better known than the Rose. 

 From time immemorial poets have sung its praise, and 

 the love of it can be traceil through the most ancient 

 documents in the literature of the Aryan race. It is re- 

 markable to note, however, that the Rose has played a 

 far inferior part in the horticulture of the Chinese and 

 Japanese. It is probal>ly the first flower known and 

 cultivated in a double state, and it is the double-flowered 

 Garden form whose image the word "Rose" almost in- 

 variably brings to our mind, while to the wild single- 

 flowered Roses much less attention has been given. The 

 ornamental vahie of single Roses is rarely fully appre- 

 ciated. The Wild Roses have a simple charm and 

 graceful Iteauty of their own. No doubt the bold and 

 dominating beauty of tlie double Roses has eclipsed the 

 more modest attractions of the single Roses. The longer 

 blooming season of the (Tarden Roses is also a factor in 

 their favor. Though the W^ild Roses cannot, perhaps, 

 be compared with their more noble sisters of the gar- 

 den, they are nevertheless fully able to rival other 

 ornamental shrubs for the adornment of park and plot. 

 According to the habit peculiar to each species, they 

 can he used for a variety of purposes. Most of the spe- 

 cies are shruliby, rarely exceeding G or 8 ft., and may 

 l)e used for borders of shrubberies or for covering 

 slopes and rocky ridges, esi)ecially B. rugosa, B. hu- 

 'hiilis and various American species. Some kinds, like 

 7i'. riKjosti and /»'. lur'xhi, make handsome ornamental 

 he<lges. The climbing species are iise<l for covering 

 avails, trelliswork, arbors, jiorches or pillars, but per- 

 haps <lisphiy their beauty to the most advantage when 

 allowed to ramble over shrubs or rocks. The half-ever- 

 green _/]'. TC/c/nrj^n'^nu/, makes a beautiful ground-cover 

 and may also be used for edging groups and flower 

 beds. 



The fruits of most species are decorative and often 

 remain on the branches all winter. The red stems of 

 most of the species of the Carolinjie. and Cinnaniomefe 

 groups are effective in winter also. The foliage of most 

 of the American species turns purple-orange or yellow 

 in autumn, and so does that of it', rugosa, which is in 



