ii'v ; 



RUBUS 



after one or two years, but some of them have Herba- 

 ceous tops. Most of them are moru or less prickly. 

 Many of tlie species are t-reepiiig, decumbent or hal'f- 

 clLUibin;^-. Ij.'uves simple i-r compuumi, aitenuite. tlie 

 compoumliiii;- on the pinnate order and the leaflets 

 (several in some <'f Tlie Tropical and mdenlal 

 'I'hi.- flowers are mostly while <ir rosr-c(t!or.-M|. 

 n eoryinlis or racemes but sonieTine's solif, 

 larted, tlie IoImjs persistent; 

 [K'tals ,".. usually obovate ; stamens 

 man), inserted on ihe calyx-rim <.n 

 Torus - rim ; pistils many, tdoselx' 

 l>ai-ked mi the torus, usually beconi- 

 in.u: drupelets but sometimes dry 

 when ripe. The drupelets are usn- 

 ally more or less coherent at nuitur- 

 ity.the collective liody foi-miny the 

 "fruit" or "berry" of hortii-ultnr- 

 ists. In the Raspberries, the co- 

 herent dru])elets separate from the 

 torus at maturit}", causing the berry 

 to be hollow or concave onthe under 

 side. In the Blackberries, the c<.)- 

 herent drupelets also adlnn-e to the 

 torus, "which separates at maturity an 

 "core " of the berry. 



Relatively few of the Rubi Imve 1. 

 7uerit. althoufjh some of them are of g 

 portance. As pomological subjects they are more 

 important in North America than elsewhere in the 

 world. Here we grow not only Raspberries, W'hich 

 are popular elsewhere, but also great quantities of 

 improved Blackberries, a fruit that is little known 

 as a cultivated product in other countries. These 

 Blackberries are the product of our native species, 

 R. nigyobiiccus being the chief. Closely allied to 

 them are the Dewberries or trailing Blackberries, 

 which also have been developed from indigenous 

 species, chiefly from i?. rillosHS and i?. invLsns. 

 Although the European Raspberry, i?. Icheus, is 

 grown in North America, it is mostly unreliable, 

 and the leading commercial sorts are produced 

 from the native J?. occidentiiUs and 7?. sfrir/osus 

 and from hybrids of the two. Various Japanese 

 species, recently introduced, also produce fruits 

 of value. 



A number of the species are useful as orna- 

 mental subjects, particularly the Rocky Mountain 

 i?. deliciosus, the old-fashioned Brier Rose (i?. 

 rosfefolius), Wineberry (J?, phwnicolasiiis), and 

 i?. cratcegifolius. For its graceful, tinel)' cut foli- 

 age, and sometimes for its fruit, H. lachiiafns is 

 occasionally grown. Some of the unimproved 

 native species are offered l)y dealers in native 

 plants as worthy subjects for wild borders and 

 rock gardens. The beauty of most shrubby Rubi de- 

 pends largely on the removal of the canes after they 

 have bloomed once. After tlowering, the cane becomes 

 weak or may die outright. It should be removed to the 

 ground. In the meantime other canes have arisen from 

 the root, and these will bloom the following year. That 

 is, the stems of Rubi are usually more or less perfectly 

 biennial: the first year they make their growth in 

 stature; the second j'ear they throw out side branches 

 on which the flowers are borne; after fruiting, the en- 

 tire cane becomes weak or dies (Fig. 2191). Removing 

 these canes not onl}^ contributes to conserve the vigor 

 of the plant, but it also adds to its appearance of tidi- 

 ness. These remarks apply with particular force to the 

 cultivation of Raspberries, Blackberries and Dewberries. 

 For other accounts of Rubi, see Blackberry, Dewherry , 

 Loijanherry , Haspherry. 



Focke (Engler & Prantl, "Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen- 

 familien") divides the genus Rubus into H sections, 

 seven of which are concerned with the species to be 

 described in this work. These seven are as follows: 

 A. Werhaceons species: flowering shoots arising from 



the crown of the plant. 

 Section la. Balibarda. Stamens about 5: fr. scarcely 

 juicy: fis. perfect, on creeping leafy stems: Ivs. 

 simple, not lobed. The present writer prefers to con- 

 sider Dalibarda as a distinct genus, and it is so treated 

 on p. 45.'J of this work. 



RUBUS 



Section 1. Chamsemorus. 



juicy: tls. di(ecions, \u,\- 

 stalks: Ivs. simph-. Inhod. 

 apple Berry, of ai-dic or > 

 prized for its frnds. l>rloi 

 Section- '2. Cylactis. Fl 

 singly or sev(a-al togethi^i 

 Ivs. ternato or pediform (^-[lai'fi'd ) , 



1579 



BB. riant Spiiir-/>rarlng {exceptions in some 

 Blackberries) . 



Section 4. Batothamnus. Upright shrubs, witli 

 simple <n' ternate Ivs., snuiU leaflets and droop- 

 ing fls. in mostly short clusters. 



Section H. Idaeobatus. Raspberries, with the co- 

 herent drupelets separating from the torus. 



Section 6. Eubatus. Blackberries and Dewberries, 

 with the drupelets adhering to the torus when 

 ripe. 



INI'KX. 



aciditissimus, 28. 

 ulbinus, "22. 

 albus, Iti. 



Atlegheiiiensis, 23. 

 Americanus, 2. 

 areticus, ]. 

 argiitus, 25. 

 Balleyanns, 31. 

 Canadensis, 21, 32, 

 Chamfemiin.is. 1. 

 coronarius, VI. 

 crat.tgifolius, 9. 

 cnneifolius, 28. 

 deliciosus, 5. 

 diimetonmi, 36. 

 elliptlcus, 14. 

 Enslenii, 31. 

 flaws, 14. 

 floribunda, 12. 

 floridus, 26. 

 frondosus, 2ri. 

 fnitieosus, 19 

 grandiflorus, 12. 



heterophylhis, 24. 

 hispidus, 3U. 

 humifusus, 31. 

 Idffius, 15. 

 invisus, 33. 

 laciniatus, 20. 

 leucodermis, 18. 

 macropetalus, 35, 

 Menziesli, 11. 

 Micliitranensis, 32. 

 niicrophyllus, 8. 

 Millspaui/hil, 21. 

 inontanus, 23. 

 inorifoUus, 10. 

 neglectus, 17. 

 nigrobacc-us, 22. 

 Niitkanus, 7. 

 obooalis, 30. 

 occidentali.s, 18. 

 odoratus, G. 

 pallidus, 18. 

 pahnatus. 8. 

 piirvitlorns, 7. 



phceuicolasiiis, 13. 

 pvinponius. 19. 

 Potanini, 3. 

 Raudii, 27. 

 roribaccus, 32. 

 rosceflorus, 12. 

 rosajfolius, 12. 

 sativus, 22. 

 Savatieri, 10. 

 sewpervirens, 30. 

 setosus, 29. 

 Sinensis, 12. 

 sorbifoliiTS, 12. 

 speetabilis, 11, 19. 

 strigosus, 16. 

 sulierectus, 25, 29. 

 tritidus, 4. 

 tritlonis, 2. 

 trivialis, 34. 

 vrsitius, 35. 

 villosus, 22, 32. 

 vitifolius, 35. 

 xanthocarpus, 3. 



2192. Cloudberry— 

 Rubus Chamcemorus. 



Natural size. 



Section 1. Chaji^mokus. 

 1. Chamaembrus, Linn. Cloudberry. Bake- 

 apple-Berry. Yellow Berry. Fig. 2192 (after 

 Card). Creeping; branches her- 

 baceous, covering the ground, 

 pubescent or almost glabrous : 

 Ivs. round - cordate or reniform, 

 shallowly 3- to 5 -lobed, finely 

 dentate: fls. large and white, on 

 solitary terminal peduncles: fr. 

 large, globular, red or yellowish, 

 composed of few soft drupelets, edible. Entirely across 

 the continent in high northern regions, and reaching as 

 far south, in the East, as the high land of Maine and N. 

 H. ; also in Eu. and Asia. — The Cloudberry is an inhabi- 

 tant of peat bogs. It grows within the arctic zone. It is 

 much prized for its fruit, which is gathered from the wild 

 in large quantities. It is sometimes planted farther south 

 as a rock garden plant. B. arcticus, Linn., a pink-fld. 

 species with trifoliolate Ivs., occurs in nearly the same 

 range, and produces small edible berries. This species 

 belongs to Section 2. 



Section 2. Cylactis. 

 2. trifldnis, Rich. {B. Americanus, Britt.). Stems 

 slender and trailing, 1-2 ft. long, herbaceous, without 



