SAP 



luaple ami otlior tv.-es in tin- carl\- >.]iriii-, lief.nv the soil 

 lias thawcil ana wUili- it N y^t' t.j.i ,-n|,l fur tbc- liviim- 

 matter 01' the I'laiit tn <h.i\r any ur.-at artivitv, is nnt 

 due to tlie lilee.liii- iir.'s^ure. i.nt to tli.- ex|iansion of 

 tlie gases and li.nii.K m llie trunk ami hram-b.'s ,,f the 

 tree due to the direct warmin- artion i.f tlu^ sun's rays. 

 Durius: rlie daytime tin- l.nhld.s ,.f air in tlie wo.cmI cells 

 lieoome heated and expand, driving' the sap from the 

 wood cells into the augi r leile w hi(di has luaui luua-d intu 

 the tree. At nii;ht the trunk ..f the tr.i- e^^is sluvly 

 ami the riow eeasrs, to he lieuun ai;ain mxt day. 



The amount of hleedinu' exhiliiti-d hv anv plant may 

 he found if the stem is .uit and heiit liver in sm h man- 

 ner that the end is thrust int.i a tiinihlrr or ^uv.\\[ res- 

 sel. whieh will serve t.i eolleet the esrapiim- s;ip. 



The ordinary niiward ninvement -d s;i|,"takrs ]da<-e 

 through the most recently formed win. d rcdN.it a rate 

 that varies from a few inrlies to a \-ard an hnur. The 

 force which lifts the sa)i i- ultimately drrivcd from the 

 stiti. Tin- cells in the haif contain iiianv sulistances 

 which attract water, and the sini shines on thrsc I'tdls. 

 evaporating some of the fluid: the loss is replacrd from 

 the nearest cells helow hy osmotic attractinn and tin' 

 inill thus exerted may s,-rve to draw water frmii tin- 

 routs to the leaves even in the tallest fr.-es. alilmuit-li ii 

 is to lie said that not all nf tin. imestiim of tlie ascent 

 of sap ntay he satisfacturily rxplaim-d he the facts ai 

 hand. S-ee P,V/.^■o./.>,/ ,/,-:/■ P;„, ,,',.. j^ J, y[^,,u„,.,,_^L. 



SAPiNDUS 1 Latin wnrds meaninir .s-.oyi and ludimi: 

 alludin::- to the use of the fruit in India I. i^iip! inlucAC, 

 SOAPBERKY. A genus iif aliiiut 12 species of trees, 

 shrubs or woody vines itihabiting the tropical regions 

 of the wh'-ile world. Wood yelluw: Ivs. alterutite, ex- 

 stipitate, ahruptly pinnate: 'tis, wliite. small, in hiteral 

 or termimtl racemes or pcmicles: sepals .1. eibtuse, rarely 

 petaloid: petals more or less pnhescent and hearing 

 .lust ahove the short claw a vilhins i.ir cdliated cunib co- 

 appendage: disk annular, ttsually crenati', hearing .s-lo 

 stamens: seeds with Imig test;i and im ;iril, Idack or 

 nearly so. 



The fruit has an alkaline piririciide kuiiwn as s;iponin 

 which makes it useful fur cleansing purposes. The 

 fruit was much used in eastern countries hefore the in- 

 troduction of soap and is still preferred for washing the 

 hair and cleansing delicate fahrics like silk. 



A. i/7.v. 4-7. 

 Saponaria, Linn. A small tree with rtiugh irrayish 

 Intrk: Ifts. oblong-lanceohite and acute to elliptic-ovate 

 and somewhat obtuse, opfMislte nr alternate, entire, gla- 

 brous, veiny and hacid alitive, tomentulose beneath: 

 racliis tisually winu^ed : fr. lucid. 'i-.S lines in diam. S, 

 Fhn.W. India and S. Amer. Cult, in S. Fhi. and .S. Calif. 



AA. Lfts. 7 -IS. 



marg-inatus, Willd. A tree reaching ultimately GO ft. 

 in height: lfts. 7-I.'i. lance-oblon:^. acuminate, gialirous 

 above, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent on the 

 midnerve, 2-5 in. long, the upper nearly (ipiposite, the 

 lower alternate: rachis wingless, narrowly margined or 

 marginless : fls. white, sometimes tinged with red in 

 pyramidal panicles: petals ciliate and hearing near the 

 base a 2-lobed villous scale: tilaments vilhiiis: fr. yel- 

 h.iw. about 8 lines long. May. -June. Kan. tti Tex,. .Vriz. 

 and X. :U:exico. B.B^ 2:402. — Cult, for ornament in S. 

 Fla. 



iitilis, Trab. A species from S. China which is not 

 distinguishable from 6'. inarginatiis, Witld., by descrip- 

 tions. Lfts. 12-14, acute, glabrous: fr. i^hibroits, nearly 

 globose, strongly keeled. R.H. 18fl5, p. 304. — AccordinLr 

 to Franceschi this tree is ctilt. in Algeria, where it comes 

 into bearing in 8-10 years. ''The berries contain 38 pei- 

 cent of saponin. Trees have been known to yield *10 tn 

 $20 worth of berries every year. The trees prefer dry. 

 rocky soil." p ^iV. Barclay. 



SAPIUM lold Latin name used hy Pliny for a resin- 

 iferous pine], EHp]iorhi(ice(e. About 2.") spi-cii-s of 

 milky-.jtticed tropical trees or shrubs. Lvs. .pjijmsite. 

 petioled : petioles and scale-like bracts biglanclular: 

 tls. in terminal spikes, the pistillate single below, the 

 staminate in 3"s above, all apetalous: sepals imbricated. 



SAPOXARIA 



1G13 



united behov: stainens2-:i: lilaments free : capsidewith 

 2-i! 1-s led lorules, more or less tlesby, a .';-\cniged cen- 

 tral ciilumn ri.unaining after dehiscence. 

 sehiJerum, Voixb. ( h'.rm ,,),■:, i x.iuf, ru. M\irn. sill- 



lillili<l xihil, i;l . :\li(dlX.I. TaLI.hW 'I'lxEE. Lvs. 1-2 ill. 

 long, ovate, aiuiminali-. hompetinlrd. ulabnnis: .'ali- 

 sules '.J in. in dianmtcr: s,.,.ds co^-ercd witli a waxv ./dat- 

 ing wliicdi is us,:.d in the miliv,- land, eastern As'ia. fm- 

 making- c;uidles. Now- cnlti\-ated in many ^v;ll-nI reL:-ions. 

 Xatni-;ilizi.il in s.iuth.-i-n Unili d States. 



•1. E. S. XciRToN. 



SAPODILLA, or NASEEEKKY is a common name of 

 Achras Sapota, Linn, (i'o^/e/o ^L/i/r/x. Jlill.i.a tree of 

 the West indies. Central America ;ind northern .s,,iith 

 America. cnliiv:ited as far mn-th as Lake Worth. Fla.. 

 fiir its fruits. Fig. 2240. It is one of the .S'o/.c.focfo . It 





2249. Sapodilla. the fruit of Achras Sapota ( ^ M 



is :in evergToen tn.-o, the tliick. lance-oblons:. entire, 

 shining lvs. clustered at the ends of the branches. The 

 lis. are borne on the rusty-inibescent t^rowths of the 

 sea-^on; they are .small and pprfect; calyx with 6 lobes 

 in '1 sK'rie-;: I'drnlla li-lobed. wiiitish, scarcely exceeding 

 the ru-ty calyx: staim-ns f.i. Fruit size and color of a 

 small russet apple, very lirm, with 10-12 compartments 

 containing large blac^; see<ls, the juice miliiy, flavor 

 sweet and pear-like. The fruit is much prized in warm 

 couutries. From the juice, large quantities of chewing 

 gwva are made. As ordinarily seen in the South and in 

 the We^t Indies, it is a bushy tree 10-20 ft. high, mak- 

 ing a handsome subject. Jt is said to l.^ear well in pots. 



L. H. B. 



SAPONAKIA (Latin for soap: the roots can be used 

 like s(iap i^n- washing). Co. rifophnUarrip. ,S( iapwc'KT. 

 A genus of aliout 23 species of annual or perennial 

 herbs. ]iatives of Etu'ope and Asia, allied to Siiene and 

 <Typsi.ipliila. Calyx ovcdd or oblong-tubular, j-toothed, 

 olwcuridy nerved: pt-rals 5, narrowly clawed, limb en- 

 tire or i-mari^inate. s^aly at tlie base or naked; stamens 

 10: ovary many-seeiled : style 2, rarely 3: capsule o^'uid 

 or oblong, rarely nearly globose. 



Saponarias are readily estaldished in any soil and r--- 

 quire liut little care. .S'. ori/iHoirli's is an attractivi- 

 jdant for tlie rockery or for edging'. Propagated liy 

 .seed or divivjon. 



A. .Sfr>H stout, rr.'rt. 



ofJicinalis, Linn. Bi~)r>roTNir Bet. Fig. 22.'0. A per- 

 ennial: stems l?-^-2Vo ft. hi,i:ii, leafy, simple, clustered, 

 glabrous: lvs. mostly oldouLT-Ianceolate, .3-nerved: fls. 

 light pink (nearly white in shady situations), incom- 

 pact, corymbose, paniculate cymes; calyx glabrous, the 

 teeth trianii'ularly acuminate: petal lobes oliovate. en- 

 tire, notched at apex. July. Aug. Europe. — Var. flore- 

 pleno is quirr d<ail»le-Howered. <^. Conclsico . Hort., i- 

 said to be a deeper-colored double form, 



AA. Stcii} sJ'.'ii.iln\ dpcuinl>e)i.t. 

 B, irs-. ohti'se: pJiints ayniuaJ. 



Calabrica, 'tuss. A lovr-2:rowing annual, with pink 

 fls.: lvs. oblong-spatulato, ohtuse. about 1-nerved: fls. 



