SOUTH CAROLINA 



SOUTH DAKOTA 



]691 



adnptcil. The cIuTry, peach, pear, grape, small fruits 



am! apple afford a tempting variety. The suecession of 

 fniit>< sjiaiis tlie srasoiis, the winter apples htstiiig until 

 strawhrrrit^s are ripi'. While little has hrt-n ihnir in this 

 L^-frat r(.':ri<-'ii townnls growing triiil and vgrtahK-s t'or 

 shipment, the eottmi nulls, so numerous in tliis si-elion, 

 liave converted tlie farms in their vicinity into ni;vrk<-t- 

 gardens. The tyideal mountain waii'ons, hooded witli 

 white eaiiA'as. laden wilU luscious ;i]>i>li's, niauinioth 

 caliliai^es, mealy potat<">es ami t'l :i --i-ant onions, jn'oiiurts 

 uf the rude methods of the iiiliainianls ot the hii;-hhniil 

 region, are only suggestions of ihe possiliiliti(-s of the 

 fertile valleys and mountain eo\-i's umler the inaui[>ala- 

 tion of skilful hands guided hy the trained head. 



J. S. Xi;\V.MAN. 



SOUTH DAKOTA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fii;-. \1:\:a>. 

 South Dakota, the twenty - sevenlli state adn 

 the Tnion, lies a little north of the eenter « 

 finent, between lat. 4,')° 5? N. and 42'^ 2»' S. 

 9i;^ 20' and 104'- ?>' W. of Greenwirh. Its 

 approxinndely a rectaugle. Us extreme le) 



the Hissouri, the .la,nie 

 river on the eastern li 

 vallev of the Verniillh. 

 the Sioux and the .lar 

 very fertile and iilend 

 so\iri at the south. l)i> 

 Ihese rich valh/ys. es}M 

 eastern part of tliis se 



s river valley and the Hig Sioux 

 )rder. In the southern part tlie 

 'U traverses the region Itetween 

 les. Thesi.* rivi-r "\'alle\-s are all 

 to-etln-r as they reaeh the Alis- 

 'ersilied agrieulture flourishes in 

 ■cially in the southern and entire 

 idion. In the higher ground in 



oStl mile 



extre 

 i S([ua 



l(h 



rth to 



all 



to west 

 south 240 miles; area 70, Sl.' S([uare miles; p< 

 (in r.iOO) 401. o70. The Mis-^ouri river divides the state 

 into two nearly equal pLUTions. With the exception of a 

 small area iu the northeast corner, the southeast part is 

 lowest and ail the streams flow iu that direction. The 

 state mav he divided into three sections: (1) the Black 

 Hills; (2) the Tabledands; (:;) the Eastern Section. 

 The Black Hills in 

 the southwestern 

 ptirt are outliers *"'f 

 the Rocky Moun- 

 tains, and the ex- 

 tcn.-ive and ver)- 

 rich ileposits of 

 gohl, silver, and 

 other minerals are 

 important sources 

 of wealth . The 

 Indians early knew 

 of these trold de- 

 posits, hut they 

 were not known to 

 white men until 

 1874. The Black 

 Hills, so named by 

 the Indians because 

 of the heavy forests 

 of pine and spruce 

 covering the moun - 

 tains, include a n 

 area of about 5.000 

 s^puire miles. Con- 

 si(h:-rable f ru it is 

 now heintc raised in 

 this section umler 

 irrigation, as t h e 

 local market is a 

 protitable one. and 

 it has been foun'l 

 possible to raise 

 many varieties not 

 hardy upon the 

 open prairies of the 

 state. 



The Table -lands 

 comprise the entire 

 section of the state 



west of the Missoitri river, with the exception of the 

 Black Hills. Five branches of the Blissouri flow from 

 the western part of the state across these lands from 

 west to east. These are White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau 

 or Owl, and Grand rivers. The rainfall in this part is 

 too light to make general farming feasible, but the 

 native grasses are very nutritious and stock-raising 

 is profitable. Cattle, horses and sheep are raised in im- 

 mense numbers and feed the year round upon these 

 ranges, the dry climate curing the grass into the best of 

 hay as it stands. 



The eastern section contains thi'ee river valleys that 

 cross it from north to south, viz., the eastern lialf of 



slock-raising and dairv- 

 \iii: lo the lesser rainfall, 

 si an- well l.'asin, general 

 gu])0U the gra/jn;^- areas. 

 ^Missouri river eastward to 

 The pressure and flow 

 varies from a few pounds to 200 

 f nmre than :(,()00 gal- 

 l from an .S-incli well. 

 ese wells are fr.nii 100 to ],:)n(l feet in <lcpth, and 

 ird a valual)le means of jrrii;-;tl ion and clieai' water- 

 ver. The water is sni^piised to come from lln^ Rocky 

 untain region. The amount of this supply whicli can 

 used has been roughly estimated at u2(i,yori,OOO,000 

 cubic teet annually, an amount of water suflicient to 

 fill a river-bed a mile wide, 20 feet deep and nearly 000 

 feet long. When this water is more generally utilized, 

 it is confidently believed that the horticultural area 

 shown on the map will be extended to include the en- 

 tire state east of the JMissouri river. 



Horticulture in South Dakota is to a considerable ex- 

 tent still in the experimental stage. Most of the plant- 



Sho 



2356. Map 

 favorable to t'ruit-growin<j, tl 



South Dakota 

 broken-shadeO p 



led portions being the most I'uvoraide 



ing of orchard fruits has been done since the last "cru- 

 cial test" winter of 1884-85, hence it will be difficult to 

 give a safe list imtil after the next test winter. A 

 glance at the map will show that the state extends well 

 below the north line of Iowa, and as a matter of fact 

 we find that the South Dakota fruit list partakes of both 

 Iowa and Minnesota in its characteristics. The southern 

 tier of counties in the southeast corner of the state can 

 raise varieties of the apple which are not at all hardy 

 northward in the state. It is interesting to trace the 

 orcharding belt along the great river from far down in 

 Missouri northward between Iowa and Nebraska and 

 northward into South Dakota. In the Sioux and James 



