SriKANTHES 

 perak' z^iio aii.l extriMliny souUi ti. ( 'liile, all terrestrial 



herlis, tV'W of whirh have any hcu'tirull Ural valiu-. Soiiii' 

 of the hardy species are a.lvertiseil hy dealers in native- 

 phiuts and liy eoUectors. Ereet herhs with lleshy or tu- 

 berous roots: Ivs. mostly at the base or on the hiwer 

 part of the stem: raeeme terminal, twisted: tls. spur- 

 less. sni;ill ov niodium-sizeil; sepals free <u- more or less 

 united at the top, or ttuited with the petals into ;[ liel- 

 met ; labellum sessile e.r elaNved. eouea\ e. endifacln^- 

 the eoliitnn and sp.readintc ititt;) a erisjied. scniietinn.'s 

 lohed or toothed blade: polliuia 2, powdery. 



A. Cvlur of fU. s,'ur!cl. 

 colorata. N. E. F.r. ( .S. ro/er-nos', Ilemsl.i. Lvs. elli|i- 

 tie to olliptie-ohlont::. tmdulate. tteute. .".-i; in. lon^-: st(.'m 

 2 ft. hii,di : spike :: in. hui^^; tls. ami hnii;er hrai-ts sear- 

 let. April. Mexieo. B.JI. 11174 ( as A'ee///i( ..j/iecio.sa ) . 



.lA. Ce/er of fls. ivliUr or irlutisli. 

 E. yis. ill J yuii'^: /e^■. pei-sl,'</eiit at the fh>!vering tintc. 



c6mua, Riedi. Neii>DiNt> Ladies' Tresses. Lvs. 

 mostly l)asal, linear or linear- oblauceolate: stem G-2.3 

 in. high, usually pubeseent aliove. with 2-6 actimiuate 

 hraets : Hs. white or yidlowish. fragrant, nodding or 

 spreading, in a spike 4-.") in. lenig: lateral se]i:Lls free, 

 the iippter arehing tiiid eonnivent v\-ith the petals; label- 

 lum oblong, rounded at the apex, erisp. Aug.-<.)et. 

 Nova iSciitia to Minn, and south to Fla. B.M. l.odS (as 

 A'coHo, ,',•,■»»«); 5277. B.K. 10:S2:i. B. 8.1:471. A.(-i. 

 l:;:4li7. V. 11:13. 



EomanzotJiana, Cham. & Schlecht. Lvs. linear to 

 liuo;if-oM:inei'Olate, "-S iu. long: stem ti-1.3 in. high, 

 leafy liehjw: spike 2-4 in. long: fls. white or greenish, 

 ringent: sepals and ]ietals br(jad ;it base, eonnivent into 

 a hood: labellum oblong, bneid at the haso, eoiiiraeted 

 beh.iw and dilated at the a]jex, erisji. -lulv. Aug. N. 

 Amer. B.B. 1:470. li.t.'. IL 111:411.3: 211:400." 



latifolia, Torr. Stem 4-10 in. high, glabrous or pu- 

 bescent, liearing 4-.') hiiieeolate or oldaneo(jlate Ivs. near 

 the base: fls. small: sepals and petals white, lateral 

 sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, the up])er 07ie some- 

 what united with the petals: labellum qnadrtite-oblong, 

 yellowish above, not c<.)ntracted in the midtUe, wavy- 

 crisp, obttise or trnni-ate. .Tnne-Atig. Ne^v Brunsvdck 

 to Minn, and Va. B.B. 1:470. 



EB. FJ^. alUnuit'- , >' pji^ a yimj i i: e siiinJt: spiral nxv. 



C. Lrs. jil-c'Sf'iit 'it tin: flnivrrliHi time. 

 praecox, Watson ( .S'. iii-aiii him . var. JV, Uteri, flray). 

 Lvs. linear, 4-12 in. h.>ug. gr;iss-like: stem lO-oO in, 

 high, glandular-pubescent :djo\"e, letify: spike 2-S in. 

 long: tls. white or yellowdsh, spreading; hiteral sepals 

 free, the upi)er one eonnivent with the petal, labellum 

 oblong, contracted :il)ove ami dihited te'waial the apex, 

 July, Aug. N. V. to Fla. tuel L:i. B.B. 1:471. 



CO. ir.s. luo.-itll/ ivitliereil at the ftna'erla,/ time. 



simplex, Uray. Root a soIit:iry oblong tuber: Ivs. 

 basal, ovate to oblong, short, ttbsent at the flowering 

 time: stem very slender, .5-9 in. high: spike abottt 1 in. 

 long: fls. white: labellutn rtbovate-oblong, erialed and 

 crisp. Aug., Sept, Mass.to.Md. B.B. 1 :472. A.(.;. l:; :40G. 



gracilis, Beck. Roots clustered: lvs. basal, obovate 

 to ovate-lanceidate, petieded, mostly d}dng liefore the 

 floweriirg titne: stem s-bs in, high, Ijearing a sleuder, 

 many-tld., 1-sitled or twisted sfiike: lis. Avhite. fragrant; 

 sepals longer than the haljellujjj, tie- laler.al cmes free; 

 labellum oblong, dilati-d in front, crenulate- or wa\'y- 

 crisp, thick and green in tlie middle. Atig.-(4ct. East- 

 ern X. Amer. B.B. 1:472. A. ( 1. 12:400. 



Heinkic'h HaSSELBI!ING. 



SPIEODfiLA. Consult Leintia. 



SPLEENWOET. Aspleiiium. 



SPONDIAS. See page l,s04, 



SPONGE TEEE. Acaeia Farnesiana. S., Vegeta- 

 ble. Lvffa. 



SPEAGUEA (after Isaac Spra.gue, of Cambridge, 

 Mass., bot:inical artist, collaOorator of Asa Gray), 

 P'>rtulaeaei;ip. Probably only a single species, a bien- 



SPRAYING 1707 



nial herb 2-12 in. hieli. with mostly radical, sp:itul:.te, 

 llesliy le:i\'es an. I ephemei-al dowers in densi-, si'or|iioiil 

 si.ikes. niid.elL'itely (diislei'ed on s.Mi.ie-like peduncles: 

 sep;ds2: pet:. Is 4; st;im.'ns:;: cal.sul.- 2-val \ .al ; s.'.-.is 

 H-10, black, shiny. 



umbellita, Torr. May b,. i r.'at.Ml as an anntial. Fls. 

 white, til. ge.l with rosi'. in late summer. Sie.-r;. Nevaibi 

 tit :i, 000-10, 000 ft. tdlitti.h:, front the Yosi-niite vt.llev to 

 the British boun.htry, usually iu sandy d .-y soils. B.JI. 

 .514:1.- Vtir. caudiciJera, (.-Iray, is :i sub:ilpine f.n-iu iu 

 ^vhicli 11..- caudex-like branches exten.l for a year or 

 til. .re (the 1. lives below .lying away) ali.l are at' length 

 ferminati-d liy s.'a|..-s an" incli orso iu length. i)e- 

 sirtihle for r.tckwork and edgings. y W B\KfLVY 



SPEAYING (s.-e Z'.oio.?.!././), lite art of protecting cul- 

 tivate.l plants from insect em^mie-s ami vegetable para- 

 sites b\- .■oeering them wdtli a si. ray which shall have a 

 toxic or physically in,iurious effect upon the animal or 

 vegetable organism. 



Hlrtarleat t>lielch .—The history of spraying is inter- 

 esting. The story of its j.rogress in Ameri.'a differs in 

 details from the history ..f ils .l.-veh.pmeiit in Europe. 

 The main featur.-s in each .■oimtry are quit.- simihir. 

 In both ].lac.-s ins.-ct .-ii.-niii-s made the ttrst .Iraft ..i) 

 the ingenuity ..f iimn in .l.-\4sing metho.ls ]jy \\diicli to 

 hoi. I th..-tit iii".'li.-.-k. \'.'gelal.h- "parasit..-s were stu.li.-.l 

 afterwards. Jt is a .-iiri..u^ fact that, iu the cas.- ..f both 

 ins.-cts an.l fungi, in Am.-ricn, som..- of tin- im.st iii.iu- 

 rions f..rms .-atiie from Eur. .p.- an.l w.-re tin- means of 

 dir.-etiiig ;.tt.-n(i.iii t.. win. 1. -sal.- ni.-th..ils of .lestroying 

 them, Soiii.- of tltt.-se ei...-i..ies, .:om|..arativ.-ly harmb.ss 

 in their nativ.- liom.-. like the currant worm and coilliii- 

 ni.:>th. lia^-e .h.ni- ni.irt- t.j f.irward spfa\"iiig methods in 

 the Etiite.l Stat.-s than anything .-Is.-. 



The first iiise.-ti./i.l.-s us.,-.l in Am.-ri.-a, as w.-U as in 

 E.tr..pe, ^c.-re not ..f a i;)..is.ui'.us nature, I4i..-y were 

 substan.-es whi.-h ha.l an injurious .-tf.-.-t on the bo.ly 

 of the inse.-t. Th.-s.- wa-re ..f tw.. kin. Is mainly: in- 

 fusi.uis which ^\'ere ;tstringi-ut, an.l .-attsli.-, s.tbstalices 

 wdii.-h btinie.l the tissues. T..l.ar,-.. w-ater and alkti- 

 litu- wash..-s l.i.\-.- bf-en use.l b.r many yetirs. One 

 of th.- hrst i.i-.isons to be us.-.l was w'hit.- h..ll.-b..re. 

 The .-mphiym.nit of ars.-nical ]i..is..ns miiy b..- sai.l to 

 bel.'.jlg t.) America, ami even at tin- ju-.-s.-ut tit.ie has small 

 place iu the economy of fruit - .growing in Europe. 

 The widespread use of arsenical pioisons is largely due 

 to the influence of the incursion of the potato bug. We 



^-^-"^ 



2370. Apple cluster ready for the spray. 



The lt[us.-,nnis Ikivo ii<it yi't nprucd. 



Lave 110 rel \:\h\r ri'i/unls "wbicli give lis the uxnct 

 (late <if till- tir-.t use of Paris i^renj. It |irnl.;i_lily i.c- 

 currril ;[l)Oiit l.siir, uv ]yfi6. Howovei-, tuwav.Is ],s7(i J'atis 

 ,L;rei'ii was used (|uito .i^enerally TliV(iu:j,ii(Mit. The w^.v^tiTii 

 r(*,L;ion wlii'i'e tli(.- imtato }>u^ ftrst ap].earf<l. At tins 

 tiiue it ^va^ ;"i|i|dird ahiHjst exclusively iu I-Im.- <lry l'<ifiii 

 'lihU.cd witli ,L':vri.'-uui oi- Hour. Fruui ])Olalo to coitoii. 

 toKac-co au.l liually to frniT trees, is The .levrlojiuieiit 

 of this pois.ni j'or destroyiuu- leaf-ea-tiu^' insects. So 

 far as records arc a-vailaidc it ai'iirars tliat fruit trees 

 wf-re first sprayed witli I'ari.s ,i;-roeii i-)etween JS73 and 



Among piojM'er spi-ayct 



sliould mention the 



ntiiues of Dr^ C. V. Kiley, Uitited States eutomologist 



