1708 



SPKAYING 



LeBarron, state entoriif.l(i!;-i-it of Illinois; William Saun- 

 ders, London, Ontario, Can.; J. S. Woodward, Lock- 

 port, N. Y.; T. U. Yeomans & Sons, Walworth. N. \'. ; 

 Professor A. -J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich. 



Following Paris green came Loudon purple, and then 

 white arsenic. Since that time many different forms of 

 arsenical poisons have been compounded, 

 offered to the public and fre((uently used. 

 London purple has now Ijeen largely 

 dri>p)ped by fruit - growers, owing to its 

 variable i;[ualit>'. White arsenic, used in 

 combination with soda and with line-, 

 forms at the jiresent time reliable and 

 widely u.sed insecticides. 



While sucking insects were instrumental 

 in lu-inging abont the invention of many 

 formuhe. it has only been within the la-st 

 twenty- five years that an effective method 

 has been devised for their treatment. Al- 

 though kerosene has been recommended 

 and used to some extent for thirty-five or 

 more years, it was not until C^ook recom- 

 mended kerosene in the form of a soap 

 and water emulsion that a desirable, eas- 

 ily ])repared oily insecticide was found. 

 Aljout the same time, Dr. Eiley, with Mr. 

 Hubliard. of the Department of Agricul- 

 ture at Washington, recommended the use 

 rif what is now known as the Riley-Hub- 

 liaril formula. 



The p)Otato l.iug invasion and the dis- 

 11 \ {l''\ ''V'l covery of the efficacy of Paris green in de- 

 V '1 r,,:'','''J stroying leaf-eating insects did a great 



deal to stimulate spraying, but due credit 

 should l)e given plant pathologists for 

 tracing the life-histories of many fungi 

 destructive to cultivated plants. 



_P«)if/(ciV?p.5. — Early in the eighties dis- 

 eases of grape-vines threatened the ex- 

 tinction of French vineyards. The situa- 

 tion engaged the attention of French inve.stigators. 

 Notable among them were Professor A. Millardet and 

 his co-workers of the Academy of Science, Bordeaux, 

 France. He, with others, discovered partly l:>y acci- 

 dent and partly by experiment that solutions of cop- 

 per prevented the development of downy unldew. 

 After much experimentation, "bouillie Bordellaise " was 

 found to he effective in p^reventing the growth of downy" 

 mildew and otlter plant parasites infesting the grape in 

 that region. The announcement was definitely ma<le in 

 188.5. The following year the European formula for 

 Bordeaux mixture was published in several places in 

 the United States, and immediately there commenced an 

 unparalleled period of activity in economic vegetable 

 patholr,gy. The establishment of the JJ. S. experiment 

 stations gave added impetus to the movement. The 

 rapidity of the spread of spraying knowledge among 

 fruit-growers is remarkable. Ten years ago it was an 

 unknown art by the rank and tile. To-day agricultural 

 clults anil granges purchase their spraving materials 

 by the car-1 lb t t tl n i u 



2371. 

 Splint broom 

 for applying 

 spray. 



An early de - 



SPRAYING 



health and vigor and fnnt-buds. Spray this year for 

 next year's crop. 



Insecticides kill by contact or by means of a poisonous 

 principle; their efficiency depends largely on the time 

 and thoroughness of the application. If applied too soon 

 they may be dissipated before the insects ap]iear; if 

 applied late the injury is only partly i>reveuted. because 

 insects feed less voraciously and are harder to kill as 

 tliey approach maturity in the larval stage. With the 

 vegetable parasite the case is not essentially different. 

 The tree is covered with a thin coating which destroys 



2372. A bucket pump 



2373. Knapsack pump. 



spores of fungi resting there and prevents other spores 

 from germinating. Fig. 2370 shows the stage of develop- 

 ment of fruit-bnd calling for Bordeaux mixture and Paris 

 green. The keynote to success is thoroughness. Hasty 

 sprinklings are worse than useless; they discourage and 

 disappoint the beginner. Full protection is not afforded 

 unless each leaf, twig and branch has l.>een covered. Time 

 is the next most important factor blearing on success. The 

 early spray i.s most effective. This applies particularly 

 to the treatment of fungous diseases. Spray before the 

 buds open. Get ahead of the enemy. 



Sproi/infi MacJthwri/. — 'Bovdea-ax mixture was first 

 apidied with a broom (Fig. 2371'-); now there are not a 

 few steam sprayers in use. Poison distributors were first 

 made in America for the protection of cotton, potato 

 and tohaccf.). There ai'e five general types of pumps: 



(1) The hand portable pump, often attached to a pail or 

 other small reservoir, suitable for limited garden areas, 



(2) The knapsack pump is carrie<l on a man's back and 

 operated by the carrier. The taid^ is made of copper, 

 holds five gallons and is fitted with a neat pump which 

 may be operated with one hand "while the nozzle is di- 

 rected with the other. Excellent for spraying small vine- 

 yards iind ve.getable gardens. (3) A barrel pump: a 

 strong force pump fitted to a kerosene barrel or larger 

 tank, suitable for spraying orchard areas up to 15 acres in 

 extent; may be mounted on a cart, wagon, or stoneboat, 

 de])fndiiig on the character of the ground and size of 



trees, (-t) A Oear-sprayer; beingatank 

 provided with a pump and mounted on 

 wheels. Tbe pump is operated by power 

 borrowed from tbe wheels as they 

 revolve, and tr-ansf erred by means 

 ot chain and sprockets. Suitable fur 

 vineyards and low - growing plants, 

 which may be satisfactorily covered 

 by the spray as the machine moves 

 along. For tliis reason it is not adapted 

 to orrhard work. (5) The power 

 sprayer ; i>ower being furnished by 

 sti-;nn, u-as(iline, or compressed air. 

 Whfu thr trees are large and the or- 

 char<l «iver fifteen acres in extent, a 

 power sprayer will usually pay. Some 

 id tlipsn various types of machinery 

 are sbown in Figs. 2372-2379. 



Tlie essentials of a good pump are 

 (1) durability: secured by having brass 

 working i>ar'ts (copper compounds cor- 

 rc.de iron); (2) strength: obtained bv 

 a good - sized cylinder, substantial 



