1782 



TENNESSEE 



TERATOLOGY 



t.inii: iMiiAli; 

 cin'stniits. ; 

 comumn pri 



Lij.aiK 



pal'rr-slH.'U pecans. Parag-on 

 ■ pf rsininious yrufted on the 

 11. L. Watts. 



TEN -O'CLOCK. Onii/Jt'xjahon umhellai u m . 

 TEN-WEEKS STOCK. 2[<illhiol<i itieana ,yin\ aniniu . 

 TEOSINTE is 



flLlM 



eral a 

 differs in nut 

 hoinii' frtM' fr 

 cottsidci-('(| 11 



:iiirm;il Lcrass of immense valne for 

 SiuUli. It is vrry nuu-k iilie maize in ,i,^en- 

 :iiiil in the structnre of the i\s., Imt 

 niiii^^ an ear, the slender jointed spikes 

 uur another. By many botanists it is 

 ri-inal form of maize. It is known to 

 .■atah'ij:ii.'s MS Ji'r.'inu I n.r iiria ns , Dur., hut is pro])erly 

 JOiirlint ii<( Mi.'j-(i-<)ii'f , Schrad., for the luttany of which 

 see H.I\I. (UU, where the jilaiit is culled Eii<:hh.riia lux- 

 itrl(nis. Tin- phmt is pictnred in Bnll. 14, 

 A^rost.. r. S. Dept. of .Vi^ric. und in Farmers' 

 No. 102. from whidi a few pi 

 Teosinte prohahly i-mdnre 

 per a<'re rlian any (iTlit-r i2;ras 



Div. of 

 ' Bnlletin 

 iiiiits are here abstracted, 

 a g-reater bulk of fodder 

 At the Louisiana Experi- 

 tient Station it has yielded the enormous amount of 50 

 toTis of ffreen f<'ra.ij:e p(-r acre: this crop was sold in the 

 tiehl to dairymen for ^'2.~~>0 a ton. The plant grows 8-1 

 ft. hitrh and"filh-rs freely, sending up 20-.50 stalks fr ii 

 the same root. One hundred stalks from one seed ha e 

 been recorded. It may be cut several times during tl e 

 season, Imt nearly as good results will be obtained fr m 

 a single cutting made before there is any 

 frost. The stalks are tender and there is 

 no waste in the fodder when dry or green. 

 One pound of seed to the acre, planted in 

 drills .'i ft. apart and thinned to a foot 

 apart in the drill, is recommended. Teo- 

 sinte is a native of the wai'mer portions 

 of i\I'>xi<'o ami Central America. The 

 seed randy matures north of southern 

 Florid;". p_ LaMSON SCRIEXER. 



TEPHROSIA (Greek, frphros, ash -col- 

 ored, lioary; referring to the foliage). 

 LeginninbHCP. Tepliro^'i<t ]"i luj'niin tm is a 

 hardy perennial herb which grows 1-2 ft. 

 high, has many narrow, ashy gray leaflets 

 ami lis. about as large as sweet peas, yel- 

 lowish whitr, marked with purple. The 

 plant grows in dry sandy soil over a wide 

 range in tlie U. S. and l>h>ssoms in June. The racemes 

 are terniioal and may contain a dozen fls. each %-% in. 

 across. This spi-r-ies is offered by collectors of nati^'e 

 plants. In spite of the large size of the fls., the species 

 is not likel}' to become a garden favorite, as the colors 

 arc not pronounced and the flowers are more or loss 

 liidden amid the foliago. In some English works tliis 

 plant is sometimes rated as Ijalf-hardy. 



A mu<"h showier spof^-ies is 2\ nxicranfhn , a Mexican 

 shrub 0-10 ft. high, which bears its large purple and 

 ■white fls. to 1lie mmdn-r of T.j in a ditfuse panicle about 

 a foot h'Ug. It was collected by C. G. Pringlc, but it is 

 doubtful whether the plant is in cultivation. It would 

 ho a handsome addition to southern shrubberies. 



Tephrosia is a genus of uncertain limits and of small 

 horticultural valne. For fuller accounts, see Gray's 

 Mamnil. B.B. 2:292. B. L. Robinson's revision of the 

 North American species in Bot. Gaz., Sept., 1899, pp. 

 19.V202. and Miss Yail's revision of the North American 

 species of Cra(M-a in Bnll. Torr. Bot. Club 22:2,", 2(1. 



Virgini^na, Bers. Goat's Rue. Catott. "Wili.) 

 Sweet Pea. IIo.u;v Pea. Silky-villous, erect, 1-2 ft. 

 high: Ifts. 17-2!». linear-oblonc;. June, Jnlv. Drv sandv 

 soil. N<nv Eng. to Minn., south to Ela. and Mex. B.B. 

 2:292. -Boots long, slender and very tongli. -^y_ jyj_ 



TERATOLOGY; that part of the biological sciences 

 wdiicdj is concerned with nnusnai forms of the wh<ile 

 body or any of its organs. These, by comparison with 

 the normal forms, are called malformations or mon- 

 strosities. Malformations among plants are due to a 

 disturbance of tlie ordinary coui-se of the growth and 

 development of the organ.s. Such a derangement of 



function may 1)6 looked upon as disease. The mal- 

 formation may be occasioned by merely local disease, or 

 it may be a symptom of general disease. Malformations 

 nniy "be brought about \u) by the direct influence of 

 external physit^al condition.s; {h) by the action or 

 presence of some other organism — plant or animal; (c) 

 by the operation of unknown interind causes. The ex- 

 periment.al study of the causes of malformations is 

 yet in its infan^'y, and in ouly a few cases can specific 

 explanations of ijieir origin l.'e given. Having once 

 occnrre<l. malformations may be inherited and the form, 

 at tirst unusual, may lie flxed by selection and become 

 characteristic of a race. Thus the cockscomb [Gelo&ia 

 ri-isf'ifii) sln.iws a hereditary and fixed fasciation; and 

 double flowers are so common as hardly to be esteemed 

 malformatiun.s. 



The distinction between malformation and variation 

 is very indefinite. On the one hand, the various forms 

 of root, stem, leaf and flower in cultivated plants are 

 extraordinary as compared with the wild types from 

 whicji they were derived, but having diverged from the 

 type by relatively small increments, they are not looked 

 upon as monstrosities. 

 S 1 lenn " r f ] ( ear 

 ai e theietoie ne 



f the criteiii f mal 

 t rn ^ti 1 E"^ en with ^ 



t! I ten n 1 1 quite '' ~~- 



impo ible to 1 tin 



2480. Extra free pistils of the orange persisting even in fruit. 



guish between malformation and variation, except arbi- 

 traril}'. When the difference between the ordinary and 

 nnnsual forms is very marked, and particularly when 

 the alteration gives rise to grotesque forms, having al- 

 tered functions, one speaks of malformation rather than 

 variation. Malformations have been found in all 

 groups of plants, thougli they are most noticeable in 

 the ferns and flowering plants. A very large iiundjer 

 have been recorded; Peiizig (see below) has collected 

 data of monstrosities in more than 4,000 species, and 

 the list has been augmented since the publication of 

 his work. Classification of such numerous and diverse 

 ]ihenomena is a most diflieult task and involves an 

 extensive technical terminology. Here only a few of 

 the more important categories can be mentioned. 



1. Altekation in the Numbek axl> Size of Oroans. 

 1. P/r/oiiicri; is the term applied to the increase in the 

 nunfljer of leaf-like organs. The number of members 

 of a whorl nuiy be increased; or the number of whorls; 

 or the numlier of distributed organs may become 

 greater than usual. Double flowers often show plei- 

 omery. Fig. 200:;. Extra free pistils of the orange, 

 persisting even in tlie fruit, are shown in Fig. 2480. 

 More regular polycarpy appears occasionally in the 

 tomato, and constantly in the "two-story" apples (St. 

 Valery). It is a flxed race character in the Washington 

 or Navel orange, in which it is associated with seed- 

 lessness. A similar example of polycarpy is shown at 

 Fig. 2hs]. in which the abnormal growth is an exten- 

 sion of the axis of growth w'ith additional carpels. 



2. Ahuormi'tlhj profuse hrrtiiching of the stem is often 

 pr<Mluced by a fungous parasite. The branches are 

 usually irregular and more or less fasciate, producing 

 wliat is called "witch l)rooms." These are not nncom- 



