TERATOLOtiY 



TKRATOT.OfiV 



1783 



men 11 



rref "^1 1 

 sert ^ 

 sim[ 1 md 



t is { 'sptn-iuUy Abit.'.s) imd some dLn-iduous 



I 1 formations are souiietimes dm.' lo in- 



t> nnkiiown r;ui-<rs. Fur rxam]i!c, a 



'o may d<-vi.'ln|. how e I'-i; Instcrs^ instrad 



" of ^in-le lloWiT^, r.ic-. in lln- 



i.'oniiiiou plantain. 



::. i^ro]it,-ri>inni is L-nntinni'd 

 uM-owtli ol; Ihr axis or tlie do- 

 voli']inirnt ut* a bra nidi from 

 i^Towini;" points wliii'h nsnaliy 

 eilhor i\o not form <iv romaiii 

 di'rmatit. For exaniplo. The 

 ^rowinu- p'dnt of the axis of tlie 

 llnwor is u--uali>' 'Militoratod in 

 tiir formation of Tlio pisijl. Imt 

 in llir jiear. apjdf and straw - 

 lierry it f rt-(|nonrly ooiitinuo.s 

 its liTowtli throvmli tlif lliiwcr 

 and mav uxou In-come a leat'v 

 shoot beyond the fruit. Pro^ 

 lifer at inn nuiy alsi. i:M;cur b)" 

 thr lamtintied :;a'o\vtli of the 

 axis rhroniih a cumpacl dowrr- 

 clnster. like the head of Oom- 

 positip; or by the development 

 of l")ran(dies in the axils of the 

 potals ;ind sepals, e. u^ . in oanli- 

 tlitwer. or the rose shown in 

 Fig;. 24S2. Some donble dowers are made "extra dou- 

 ble" bv this sort of proliferation. Froliferons emhry.is 

 bare been found in the almond, a smaller enilu-yn lyini:,- 

 between the seeddeaves of the larirer. and sometimes 

 a third within the seeund. They are quite separate at 

 maturity. When proliferou-^ branches show a tendem-y 

 to separate easily and to develop roots, or when they 

 become bulb-like, so that they reproduce the I'lant read- 

 ilv when separated, the plant is said to he viviparous. 



4. By various causes complete )ion-flcvfh->p»ir)i.f of 

 organs ( snppres'^iou) may occur: r.r an origan maybe 

 arrested at any staire of its ^rrowth or be dwarfed. 

 Correspmidinii^ly. extraordinary Lcrowth of any jiart 

 (hypertrophy) is common. Arrest or suppres^ien js 

 often ascribed to the inlinence of other er^-ans. Imt 

 these alleged causes are in few cases supported by ex- 

 perimental evidence. Thus, it is eommonly believed 

 that the absence of seeds in the banana and pineapple 

 is due to the excessive devel"iniient of the tlesh in 

 these fruits, but this is a mere e<m.ieetiire as yet. Some- 

 times spurs and nectarines do not devehip. Fiu''^. 2-lSiJ-7. 



2481. Another example 

 of polycarpy. 



In this case the excres- 

 cence may be considered 

 au extension of the axis 

 of growth with au added 

 whorl of earpcls. 



2482. One rose growing out of another (on the left). 

 Example of proliferation, 



11. Alteration of F<"ikm, involving no considerable 

 change in nature or function of the organs. 



1. Fa.'o-iation in stems (Fig. 2483) prodnees a broad- 

 ened and tinted form, often curved in crozier-Iike fash- 

 ion. The apex is furnished with several buds i rarely 



only one ) . ;nol 

 anmnalmis. F; 

 growim;- stems 

 and food is 



surker shouts 



\'ere ]trniiinL;'. 

 the fasnated - 

 eai'lx' union of 

 ration- the -ro 

 one ( tvan; 



nit 



^iMlielir of the |pa\-es i -, (piite 



-^ es)ieeial ly eonimon in i'a]i!di\" 

 en an aliUTidanl sn|i]^lv of liotli watin' 

 ihdde. Aspai-.amrs. dand.dion and 

 -iiu," from Irei-s after toppini;- or se- 

 ine ni h" furnish exam | ties. A lihonuh 



I scrnis to have brrn foruie.l by rhi^ 

 reral stems, tills js rarel\- llie ciise, 



II a|ie\ de\a4ops ext raordinnril\- in 

 inieiisioii (.ir organizes srver.al buds 



idi urow in unison. 

 2. L"in/ilii>/i mil (irnirll, in stein ]iarts which normally 

 renniin shml. le.ads to the unusual separation of the 



ih^ when the doi'al 



leaves. Tills i^ evprciatly noiici. 

 Iea\"es beri.mie tlioreby more or 

 less widely separated! This is 

 likely to lie accompanied liy 

 traiisforinatiou i,d" the floral into 

 green le;i.\i.vs, aiul souietinies li_\' 

 proliferation. 



3. i'ih i/n,ihjy>irtj, lengthwise 

 prodm.'i-v ajiparently twisted 

 stems. \\ illi irre;;ailar <lisiila<-e- 

 inent of the leaves. Smdi dis- 

 placement is es[>ecially notica'- 

 able ■when it alfVcts whorleil 

 leaves, the whorls b e i n u' , 

 stri.'tched I'tit into irregular s]d- 

 rals. l'nei[iial growth in two di- 

 ni en si oils l.iy the tissues of a 

 leaf produces the "curly" or 

 crisjiate leaves, characteristic 

 'if nian\' cultivated ]dants. Fii;'. 

 12ti7. Vol, 2. 



4. Lorn I 'h' for hii I /,,■.■<. snidi as 

 sw.dlinL;-s, tnber(des and -alls 

 of various forms, are usually 

 due directly to the presence of 

 a jdant or aniunil parasite. 

 Fun^d. eitlior iuliabitiiii^- tin- 

 particular rei;-ion defornu'd, or 

 nnua> wid(d\" spread thrL>uij,"h the 

 jitant Vnii foiauing e]"iri.'ductive 

 bodies at tlie seat of the swell- 

 in u". occasi(ni exeosive i^'rowtli 

 of S(niie or all of the tissues. 

 Tlu' "black-knot " on cherry ami 

 l^Ium trees, the "plum pockets," 

 the tubercles on the ro-its of 

 (di.'\"ers, jieas and their kin, are 

 a few ont of tlie ho.ts .,f de- 

 formities of this kind, due to 

 ]daiit parasites, and kui.iwn by 

 "\"arions names. 



3Ian\" insects, either in tin- 

 course of feeding on jilant 

 jtiici.-s, or by laying ei^i^^ on or 

 in jdants, or by reason •<( the 

 temporary oceui'atiiui of tin- 

 part l.iy the larval insect, brimr 

 about the formation of galls of 

 varimis kinds im iea^'e~. ^tem, or roots. The malfiirnm- 

 tions prod ma' d are of tlie nio^t \"aried shai">es. Sonietinn-s 

 they are merely the pro.lnctiiMi (d' an unusual number 

 of Itairs i)f s]ierial t orni : snnietimes a leaf buli^'es out 

 at one s]iot to form a d'a-ji ]MH.'ket or i">oncli : snnu'time-- 

 the bhnle of a leaf i^ rolhd or tol,|<-,l. with or without 

 thickening: all deirrees of thickening or outgrowths 

 are produced, from a sli^dit tumor to a perfectly globu- 

 lar apple-u'al I or e\"en a cylindrical tnhe-gall; sometimes 

 a bud has the nnmb(:>r nf its scales greath' inere.a-ed ti"> 

 form a cone-like ^all; or a flower is distorted until its 

 nature is almost niireiaio-nizable. The variety <if form 

 is almost as vari<ms as the insects and jdaiits concerned. 

 Indeed, the same insect at rlitfereut stages of its de- 

 veh'pnient may iiroduee ^■alls tif different sorts on the 

 same plant. All <:nalers of true insects exce[it the 

 ()rthoprera and Xenroptera may produce a:alU. but b)' 

 far the larger nun\I:ier are due to the gall-flies and saw- 

 Hies of the order llynienoptera. The gall-ap]des of the 

 oaks, the prickiv u-alls of the rose, the irregular brown 

 swelliiiiTs on canes (d' the blackberry, and the sniontli 

 gall-apples of the willow leaves and twi^s are well- 



2483. 

 Example of fasciation. 

 A branch of Ailantln':^ 



