TILIA 



TILLAGE 



1S09 



ribbi'd. -Uily. AUeghauirs. S.fS. 1 :27. -This li;is Imtii 

 .scur our as T. imu-rophijUa, u naiiit' that projiniy iie- 

 loiif^s to a large-leaved var of T. Ainirirami. 



A. Mique liana, Maxim. Tree, attaining 100 ft., with 

 usually an oblong head; Ivs. tivatf, truncate or slightly 

 cuiHlate at base, gradually aeuniinate. rather coarsely 

 serrate with iueurved teeth, 4-b in. long: tloral bract 

 adiiate almost to the base of the peduiirte: fr. globose, 

 thick-shelled, 5-ribhed only at the basi'. Japan. U.K. 

 tl:li:!. 



t). pub6scens. Ait. [T. Annr'u-ana. var. pnhi'.^v ns . 

 Loud. ), Similar to the better known T. A iHei-iciDid . but 

 a smaller tree; wiuter-lmds finely pubescent: Ivs. 

 smaller, obliquely truncate at the base, glabrous above, 

 pubescent beneath ; tii^iral bract usually roumled at 

 base: fr. globose. June. Long Island to Fla., west 

 to Tex. S.S. 1:20. — Less ornamental tban T. Aun^ri- 

 caiia and but rarely cult. 



7. Americana, Linn. ( T. Co r('/i)iii)))(i . Hurt.). Amkki- 

 OAN Linden. BASswtH.>D. Fig. '27^]-[. Stately tree with 

 large cordate Ivs. shiuiug abox'o, usually sniootli except 

 for the tufts of hairs in the axils i.>f \eins : fh.iral 

 bract very large, tapering to a nuirc/ or loss stalked 

 base: fr. ovoid. ti.unentose. duly. E. N. Anu-r. S.S. 

 1:24. Mn. 6:153. — This is our most common American 

 species and the one most frequt-ntly planted. Variable 

 iu its habit, size and shape of Ivs. and in the color of 

 its bark. As a forest tree it was fi>rmerly abundant in 

 the eastern and middle states, but with the general 

 destruction of the forests and the greatly increased de- 

 ra;uul fiu- its white wood for maniifactnring purposes, 

 irooil specimens are becoming scarce,- and tlie source of 

 supply is constantly moving westward. Vars. in the 

 trade are macrophylia, Hort.. a large-lvd. form; M61t- 

 kei, Hort.. a very strong-growing large-ivd. form which 

 originated in cultivation in Europe. What is sold some- 

 times as T. Atiici-'irn iia . var. pnichrht. is a form of 

 T. pefioIari.-<. 



8. Mongolica, Maxim. A sh-nder tree with very small 

 orbicular or ovate Ivs., truncate at the base, nsiuilly 13- 

 lobed. cuspidate, coarsely serrate with acuminate teeth. 

 glaucous beneath or green on vigorous shoots: cyme 

 rather dense, with the stalk naked at the base. E. Asia. 



9. platyphyllos, Scop. {T. (iniii'lilulix . Elirh.l. Tliis 

 is the broad-leaved Linden of European plantations and 

 probably the largest. It attains 90 ft. Lvs. large, green, 

 pubescent, often on the upper side to some extent, un- 

 equally cordate, petioles and veins hairy: fr. 5. rarely 

 4-angled, tomentose. thick-shelled. This is the species 

 raost comraonlv sold here as T. J^/ir"fur a . ami the earli- 

 est to flower. "June. En. G.F. 2:2:.0.-Tlir following 

 varietal names in the American trade seem to belong 

 here: pyramldalis, an ni>riglit gmwer with reddish 

 shoots; rtibra, bark of branches very red : aurea, with 

 yellow bark on Ijranches; laciniata and lacini^ta 

 rubra, with deeply cut leaves and roblish ynnng bark; 

 sulpMrea. probably the same as aurea: vitiJolia, the 

 vine-leaved Linden with lolied leaves. 



10. dasystyla, Stev. Crimean Linden. Lvs. touLdi 

 and leathery, dark gh'ssy green above and pah- bem/atli. 

 with tufts of brown hairs in tiie axils of the pr-inei].;)! 

 veins: bark of young brantdies bright green : lvs. often 

 'ibliquely truncate at base. E. Eu.,W.'Asia. 



11. vulgaris, Hayne {T. Enrofupa, Hort.. iu parti. 

 Tills species grows nearly as large as T. plutjii'lnilU's, 

 hiis large unequal or oblique cordate lvs., smooth and 

 green on both sides; tufts of hairs in axils of veins 

 whitish: fr. globose or oval, tomentose. shell thick. 

 June, July. Eu. G.F. 2:2:)0.-This is said to be the 

 celebrated species of Berlin and is often sold in this 

 eountry under the name of T. Enroinr-ii. It is a week or 

 ten days later in blooming than T. pldfiipJii/lh's. antl 

 about the same number of <lavs earlier than T. A iiwri- 



2. ulmliolia, Scop. ( T. 



•<h)t<i, Mill. T. in 



_._.,.,_ , - - , ■ ifbrui. 



Ehrh. T.Sihirica,V>o\vT. T. Eiin>pa <i Aw vart. T.micro- 

 pJiflf'i, Vent.). Of slower growth and usually snutlier 

 tree than the T. phifi)i>lnjUo<<: lvs. small, thin, cordate, 

 green above, silvery beneath, with tufts of rnsty liairs 

 mthe axils of the veins: fr. globose, sometimes slightlv 

 ribbed, very tbin-shelle<l. Jutv. Eu. (t.F. 2 :2o7.- Very 

 late in flowering. " john F. C^well. 



TILLAGE. Tlie woj'kiug or stirring of the hind, in 

 order to improve it for agricultural pui-puscs, is km>\vn 

 by the general name of tillage. There is a. tendency 

 to use tlie wm-d ■■ulli\atlon t(u- these operations. Til- 

 lage is a. specihc technical term, and is to be preferred. 

 In the eager discussi(.ns nf S'-ii-ntilic nuitters, as applied 

 to agriculture in recent years, there is danger of for- 

 getting that the fumlaniental practice in all kinds of 

 farming is. after all, the tillage of the land. The knowd- 

 edge of the importance of tillage has developed late in 

 the world's history. In fact, it is only within the latter 

 part of the century just closed that the real reas.ms f(.r 



2514, Basswood or American Linden - 



- Tilia Americana. 



tilling have come to lie popularly understood in this 

 country. Even now there are numy persons who l»elieve 

 that the object of tillage is to kill weeds. The modern 

 conceptions of tillage probably date from Jethro TiiU's 

 book on "Horse-Hoeing Husbandry," which reached the 

 second and full edition in 1733, in England. This book 

 awakened so much discussion that the system of "horse- 

 hoe husbandry" recommended by it was called the 

 "new husbandry." There had been tillage of land be- 

 fore Tull's time, but his writing seems to have iK-en the 

 hrst distinct elt'ort to show that tillage is necessary to 

 make the soil productive rather than to kill weeds or to 

 open the ground to receive the seeds. He contrived va- 

 rious tools whereby grain crops could be sown in rows 

 and afterwards tilled. The tillage of the land in early 

 times was confined very largely to that which preceded 

 the ])lauting of the crop. In the vineyards of southern 

 Europe, however, Tull observed that tillage was eni- 

 ]di.tyed between tlie vines dnring the season of growth. 

 Such vineyards prospered. Ho nuule t'xperiments and 

 observations on his return to England and came to the 

 cojiclusion that tillage is of itself a very imjiortant 

 means of making plants thrifty and productive wholly 

 aside from its ollice of killing weetls. He sui)posed tliat 

 tillage benefits plants l>y making the soil so line that the 

 ruiuute particles can be taken iii l>y the roots of ]ilants, 

 Lpnu the same hypothesis he explained the good eli'ects 

 of burning or "devonshiring " land, and also the lienetits 

 that followed the application of ashes; the minute par- 

 ticles of the ashes are so small as to be absorbed by 

 roots. Althongh this explanation of the benefits of til- 

 lage was erroneous, ]ievertheless TuU sbow"ed that til- 

 lage is ]H'Cessary to the best agriculture and that it is 



