UTAH 



UTRICULARIA 



1887 



fuoilitics and tho iiu-reasc of truit plantations, the 

 standard insect enemies have one atter another entered 

 the borders of the state. But. on tlo' otlier haml, in the 

 niatti'r ot' fnngoiis diseases the slate is sini^^trhiriy fortu- 

 nate, there being in most sections eoniparatix-ely liUU"' 

 trouble from them, Doulitless the dry atnuisidjere of 

 rtali is respoitsible for tliis. 



It seems prolialde that the state \y\\\ lU'Vi-r enjoy a 

 Uirge U'cal market, thottgh llie niinnig industry will in- 

 sure a fair one. but its nionutain climate seems t<.) i;i\'e 

 a superiiir quality to the frttit grown and with the moi'e 

 general adoptioit of better methods there is no reason 

 wliv fruit-growing in Utah should not take its place as 

 one of the chief brtmehes of the agricultttrc of the 

 state. F. C. 8eai;s. 



Another View o! Utah.— lu Caide> valley, apides, 

 ]iears. American ]dumsand sotir cherries do exceedingly 

 well. IV-aches are grown there in a small ^vay. 'IMie 

 temperature iu winter is often lower than 'M^ below 

 zero, and that, together with late frosts, is the reascni of 

 the faUure of the peach cr..]!. In IS'.llb l:lil(l the hovest 

 temperature was 10^ below zero, and the following win- 

 ter the lowest temperature was ab.jut 2^^ below zero, and 

 each tif these winters was followed It)" a full cro[) eif 

 peaches. 



In the valley next south of Cache valley, pea.dies and 

 apricots are grown very successfully at 1-irigham ('iiy. 

 At Ogden there are a few of the European grapes, Imt 

 they are protected during the winter hy lanng laid down 

 and' covered with earth. Even with this proteclion the 

 vines are badly damaged by freezing, as is indicated 

 by large, corky" swellings often called black knot of the 

 grape. Sweet cherries and native grapes do ^ery ^\'ell 

 in certain k>calities in this section. There are a few 

 hardy almond trees near Ogden. Farther s.aith, at 

 Prove, there is at least one vineyard of Vinifera grapes 

 in which the vines are pruned similar to the Californian 

 system, except that the trunks are only a few inches 

 high. These vines are protected with a covering of 

 earth during the winter. Apples ami pears do very well 

 from Cache valley in the north, through the portions 

 mentioned aliove, to Prove, and for some distance far- 

 ther south. It is very probable that all hardiest varie- 

 ties of apples and pears would do well in Beaver, Iron 

 and Sevier counties, but as yet very little has been done 

 with them because of the long and extremely cold win- 

 ters. In many portions of these counties the elevation 

 is 6,000 feet, ' 



The climate of Washington county, in the south- 

 western corner of the state, is very mild, but is not so 

 mild as that of most of southern California, The tem- 

 perature in winter occasionally reaches zero. Vinifera 

 grapes, figs, pomegranate and almonds grow there suc- 

 cessfully "without artificial protection. No attempt is 

 made to grow oranges and lemons. Peaches and apri- 

 cots grow to perfection in this region when any atten- 

 tion is given to the trees. This section was Utah's most 

 noted fruit district from ten to twenty years ago, but 

 so little care has been given to fruit trees that the 

 orchards have gone to ruin. At present the principal 

 occupation there is the growing of alfalfa and stock, 

 Ijut the improved methods of fruit-growing will prob- 

 ably be practiced soon. For further notes cm fruit- 

 growing in Utah, see Hedrick, Proc. .\mer. Pom.ilogical 

 Society, session of 18!I9, ]'. '-!2.j. c. p. Close. 



UTEICULAEIA (Latin, ti tilth- hn;/ or .s-/,-/«; r.dVrring 

 to the tdailders). Jjriil il,iihi riamr. BL.iDin-:iiw-ol;T. 

 Utricularia is a genus of herliai-eous plants possessing 

 little bladders which trap small a(iuatic animals. The 

 „ bladders have a valve-like door through which the ani- 

 mals enter when looking for food or when trying to 

 escape from other creatures. The bladders are most 

 numerous and effective in the species which float in 

 stagnant water. They are fewer in themarsh-inhabiting 

 species. The terrestrial kinds often have minute, de- 

 formed and useless bladders. The aquatic species are 

 characterized by much dissected Ivs. with thread-like 

 segments, a type of foliage seen in the water crowfo..t 

 and other floating plants of widely different families. 

 They are quite devoid of roots. The terrestrial kimls 

 are common in the tropics and are characterized by 

 erect foliage of the ordinary tvpe. These often form 



little tubers by wdiich Ihey may be ])r(>pagated. Tjnr 

 native tiquatic species ]n-opiigate lhenisel\'es by seeds 

 and also by winter-bnds. (A winter-bud of another 

 aquatic plant is figiireil under J'JI<'ilrii, ].. ;JL!,S), 



l"he^ aquatic species an; sonndino's cultivate<l in 

 aquaria, but tlo-ir ilowers art- not showy, nor are those 

 of an>' of the hardy kin<ls. The showy spei-ies are the 

 terrestrial and epiphytic, kinds of the tropics. These, 

 for conqjlexily of lloral strui-ture, beauty of color anil 

 lasting .pialit ies, xie with certain orchids. In tact, they 

 are gem-lallv ga-own by olcliid loviO'S in orchid Ionises. 

 Perhalis 11k; most desirable of the genus are 0' . nion- 

 iifim. I'Jtulrcsii ami loin/lfoliii , each of wdiich represents 

 a ditfereiit C'dor. Well-grown tiaskets of these jdanls 

 ha\-e linmeroiis scapes a foot or so high bearing 5-litl 

 tls.. each I '.j-"J in. across. In general, sueh ]ilaiilsare 

 gritwn in warm houses, r. f:'inln'sil requiring a stove 

 temperature, while some of the others may tliri\"e in an 

 intermediate Ikmisc. As a class they are grown in bas- 

 kets, mair tlie light, using a cmip'.tst of libroiis peat 

 ami sand. The plants are ki pt <*onstantly wet during 

 the growing season and untii the ds. are gone. Ijiiring 

 the winter they are rested, being kept in a cooler ]dare 

 and given .just enough \vatcr to keep the tubers frimi 

 shriveling. 



The epiphytic si'ee-ie's deserve a word. Thosi' wdio 

 are familiar with bronndiaceous plants know how the 

 water gathers in the axils of the leaves. These brome- 

 liads are themselves often epiphytic, x>erching on high 

 trees in moisture-laden tropical junglefv. In the minia- 

 ture peinds supplied by the leaf-axils of Vriesia and 

 other bronieliads live certain Utricularias with fully 

 developed and effective bladders. Occasionally they 

 send out a long "feeler" or runner-like shoot wliich 



2624 Utricularia longifoha (X ^4 



finds another bromelia.d and propagates another Hlad- 

 derwort. 



Utricularias have numercms slemler, wiry scapes bear- 

 ing one or many flowers. Calyx large, 2-parted or 2- 

 lobed: corolla with a sinir which is usually long and 

 curvi-d under the fl. ; p.isterior lip erect, entire, emargi- 

 iiate or 2-Hd: onteri'ir lip cifteii large, broad and showy, 

 spreading or rellexed, entire, creiiate or o-lolied, or the 

 middle lobe various. About b"iO species. 



119 



