1960 



WALLIOHIA 



WALNUT 



apex, with a large touth un eai-h side aliove the middle, 

 glaucous lirjii-ath ; pi-tinje^ and slieath sliort. scurfy: Ivs. 

 disposed in a S^ spiral: Hs. iu many sjdral scries. Him- 

 alaya. 



caryotoides, Roxb. {TI<innii. niriioio'uh'fi, Bucli.-Ham. 



Di'liJUtosprnuX r,.iy!in!u)<],'s, Hnrt. ). LtTs. ol.lon^^ (M- 



lillea^-obluIl^■, paudiiriff.irmlv excised and acur^U' 

 toothed, white beueath. F. 1S74. ].. lljl. K.H. I,s70. p. 



;j(iy. 



ir. porphyrocdrpa, ^Mart. See Didymosperma. 



Jakei- (t. S:\nTH. 

 WALL PEPPER, .sv, //,//; xor. 



WALNUT is a name applied to any species of the ge- 

 nus Jui;ians. The Walnut of history is Jinjlans n^gta 

 (Fig. ii7i.i;Jl, a native of st.tutheastern Europe aud re- 

 gions beyond. EtyuKdogically, the word Walnut signi- 

 fies a nut that comes from a forei.iJ:n sourre. It is inter- 

 esting to iiote that in this country Ji(i//<ins reijia is 

 known as English Walnut, ap])arently iiccanse the im- 

 ported nuts are likely to reach us )>y way of England. 

 In eastern North Anieriea. tin- word Wahmt usually 

 a])plies to the native Jif<jh.in.'< tiiijni (Figs. 2710, H'Jii)', 

 although it sometimes, Imt ernnuMiusly, designates the 

 large-fruited hickories. A ndatrd species, the butter- 

 nut {J. cinerea, Figs. 2711, lll'4| is sometimes called 

 White Walnut. The Black Walnut (,/. nif/rx) is often 

 planted on roadsides and about yards, but it is scarcely 

 a horticultural product ypt. A very similar species in 

 California is JugUnni CaUfornlca (Fig. 2712), which 

 nuikes a tine large tree an<t often bears excellent nuts. 

 The ea-;tern J. xigni was early introduced into Califor- 



2709. Juglans regia, the Walnut of commerce (X ^4). 

 (tfii'ii known as the " iMii^lish" WiUiint. 



nia and it seems now^ to be common. In fat^t, it is some- 

 times diflicult to distinguish the two spe<-i.-s. The Cali- 

 fornian species attains a height of jlO ft., making a l>road- 

 topped handsome tre.-. Commerci:il ■Walnut culture is 

 concerned with J. rrgia, and this culture is practically 

 confined to (.'alifornia. The sj.ei-ies is hardy even as 



far north as parts of New York, and in the Middle and 

 Soutiieru states it often beais well, but its culture is 

 not attempted on a large scale in the East. The Japan- 

 ese Walnut, J. ^ii'hohlinuii (Figs. 1190-8) is now be- 

 (■oniing known in the East and it is perfectly hardy in 

 IN \ ! 1 hi ime tree, hut it prob- 



1 11 it fruit tree. For the 



I ^^ 1 ^ / L. H. B 



^K^^^B 



2710. Black Walnut — Juglans nigra (X^^). 

 On the right is t)ie bare nut: on tlie It-it the husk not removed. 



Walnx'ts in Southern California. Fig. 271.3. The 

 Walnut industry in certain limited areas of California 

 occupies a place second only to the growing of ciir(.>us 

 fruits. About (j, 000 tons will be exported from Calif<»r- 

 nia the present sea.son (1901), wdiich will be worth 

 f. o. b. California more than one million dollars. 



Commercial Walnut culture is confined to four south- 

 ern coast counties of California— Santa Barbara, Ven- 

 tura, Los Angeles and Orange. For this there are good 

 and sufficient reasons. Although called the "English" 

 Walnut in this country, the climate of England is not 

 very well suited to its production, and the greater part 

 of the product in that country is used in the manufac- 

 ture of pickled Walnuts. The Walnut is fairly hardy 

 wlien dormant, but very tender when growing. There- 

 fore, no place subject to late spring frosts can grow Wal- 

 nuts with success. The extension of Walnut culture into 

 the more northern coast counties of California must be 

 done by planting varieties which lie dormant until the 

 time of the spring frosts is past. The immature nut is 

 also very tender, and cannot endure very hot weather. 

 Even in the coast counties a small percentage of the crop 

 is often destroyed by hot weather, and the hot interior 

 valleys of southern California, or places very distant 

 from the ocean, do not produce Walnuts. The area of 

 successful production is still further limited by the 

 requirement of well-drained and deep alluvial soil for 

 the tender rootlets. Any soil of a clayey nature or 

 underlaid with a bard clay subsoil will piroduce only 

 stunted trees, while on soil where the water comes 

 nearer than twenty feet of the surface the trees will 

 grow only a few years, hardly long enough to produce 

 a full and prolitable crop. 



In nursery jtractice the nuts are scattered at a dis- 

 tance of about 1 ft. in drills 4 ft. apart, late in the fall, 

 in soil that has Vieen dee]>ly plowed. As soon as a sufli- 

 riont number of the plants break through to distinguish 

 the rows, the cultivator is run through to kill the weeds. 

 The young seedlings are irrigated and cultivated fre- 

 quently during midsummer, the object being to force 

 them as mu'di as possil)le and yet harden them before 

 winter. During the first year the seedlings reach a 

 hei;iiit of ^-2-2 ft. The taproot, however, gi'ows down 

 from ."-8 ft. If grown in the nursery the second year, 

 they are troatod in the same manner, and usually reaidi 

 a height of 8-12 ft. Of late years the practice of graft- 

 ing has been growing in favor. The 1-year-ohl seed- 

 lings are root- grafted, just as they stand in the row. 

 Thp grafts will grow about 8 feet in one year. Grafting 

 is nuK'h more successful than budding. When trees are 

 bu(hled, ring-buds are used, and the tie is a strip of 

 waxed cloth. 



The trees are planted in orchard form at either 1 or 2 

 years of a^-e. preferably the latter. They are usually 

 set in squares 50 ft. ai^irt. The trees make very little 



