472 VETERINARY SURGICAL OPERATIONS 



mosing veins. The mammary veins are valveless and hence 

 will not offer much resistance against reflux bleeding. These 

 veins parallel each other and can therefore be ligated to- 

 gether as a single body. 



The vessels having been thus handled and cut off, the 

 growth is then torn out by traction or ablated by blunt 

 dissection. 



Bleeding vessels not previously controlled are now 

 twisted or ligated and the cavity packed with gauze, which 

 is retained with sutures. 



AFTER-CARE.— The packing is removed twenty-four 

 hours later and the cavity managed as an open wound with 

 potent antiseptic washes and powders. Healing is usually 

 rapid. 



In the cow there are large cutaneous veins which must 

 receive attention during the skinning process, and the 

 nutrient vessels of the gland are much more difficult to 

 find than those of the mare. The arterial mechanism con- 

 sists of a short branch of the main artery for each mamma, 

 which enters each gland in the center of the udder supe- 

 riorly. These must be searched out individually and ligated 

 for each gland to be extirpated, unless the whole udder is 

 to be ablated. Then the main trunk is ligated, but the liga- 

 tion of the main trunk must be sacredly avoided when only 

 one or two of the mammas are to be removed, because the 

 remaining glands would be deprived of their nutrient supply, 

 and would suffer accordingly. The veins must be handled 

 in the same careful manner because ligation of the main 

 trunk would cause a troublesome passive hyperaemia and 

 oedema pending the establishment of an adequate collateral 

 circulation. The numerous case's of gangrene, septicaemia 

 and pyogenesis following ablations of one or two mammae 

 in cows are usually due to promiscuous ligation of vessels 

 that are essential to the healthy life of the remaining glands. 



IN BITCHES no special attention need be given to the 

 blood vessels until 'the gland has been removed, at which 

 time the spurting ones ca'n be managed with the forceps 

 before any serious loss of blood has occurred. 



White's Hair-Lip and Cleft Palate Operation. 



The common deformity called hair-lip which is so often 

 combined with cleft palate, is met frequently in dogs of fancy 

 breeds. Blenheims, Boston terriers, French Bulls, King 

 Charles spaniels and Japanese poodles, are the ones in which 

 the deformity occurs most frequently. In uncomplicated 



