ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SELECTION 43 



killing the weaker, although this may occur ; and it 

 is rather to more rapid multiplication and greater 

 power of endurance that survival is due. So in the 

 case of commercial competition among men, they do 

 not actually fight ; yet all cannot succeed, and failure 

 means bankruptcy and starvation, and leads to de- 

 struction as surely as actual hand-to-hand warfare. 

 Industrialism is in fact war under the forms of 

 peace. 



D. Variation. — It is a well-known fact that no 

 two animals are absolutely alike ; Darwin gives 

 many instances of this. The Laplander by long 

 practice knows by sight, and can actually name, each 

 reindeer ; the ants of one nest know and recognise 

 one another ; the sheep-dog picks out his own sheep 

 unerringly ; shepherds have won wagers by recog- 

 nising each sheep in a flock of a hundred, which 

 they had never seen till a fortnight previously. 

 Voorhelm, an old Dutch florist, kept 1200 kinds 

 of hyacinths, and was hardly ever deceived in 

 recognising each variety by the bulb alone. The 

 whole theory of breeding animals or of cultivating 

 plants and fruits would fall to the ground, and 

 selection would be impossible, unless variations 

 occurred, and there were differences to select from. 



Variability, which is a subject attracting much 

 attention at present, is a general rule among animals, 

 and applies to all of them. For example, Carpenter 

 has shown that among the Foraminifera the range 

 of variation includes not merely specific characters, 

 but also generic and even ordinal ones. Among 

 anemones great variations are found. Among snails 



