FOLIO SE LIVERWORTS. 



157 



to the gametophyte, and thus is dependent on it for sustenance. 

 This is true of all the plants of this 

 group. The sporophyte never becomes 

 capable of an independent existence, 

 and yet we see that it is becoming 

 larger and more highly differentiated 

 than in the simple riccia. 



opening capsule 

 showing escape of 

 spores and elaters. 



Fig. 194. 



Capsule parted down 

 to the stalk. 



Fruiting plant of a foliose liver- pjg jgg, pig jgg 

 wort (jungermannia). Leafy part 



is the gametophyte ; stalk and cap- Four spores from Elaters, at left showing the two 



sule is the sporophyte (sporogonium mother cell held in spiral marks, at right a branched 



in the bryophytesj, a group. elater. 



Figs. 193-196. — Sporogonium of liverwort (jungermannia) opening by splitting into four 

 parts, showing details of elaters and spores. 



