BIBDS OP NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 139 



Eastern Panama (Lion Hill, Canal Zone), and southward through 

 Colombia (Rio Atrato; Rio Cauquito; mouth of Rio Nercua; lower 

 Rio Magdalena; Cauca Valley; Bogota), Ecuad6r (Rio Napo; Chimbo; 

 Foreste del Rio Peripa), eastern Peru (Rio Javarri; Rio Ucayali; 

 Rio Huallaga; Pebas), Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia; Catatumbo; 

 Caicara, Orinoco Valley), and Guianas (Surinam) to Brazil (Rio Jurua, 

 Amazonas; Teffe; Mexiana Island) and Bolivia (lower Rio Beni; 

 Buena Vista, Province del Sara; Santa Cruz de la Sierra). 



[Psittacus] severus Linmsus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 97 ("Indiis;"" based on 

 P. macrourus mridis, genis nudis, remigibus rectricibusque cxruleis subtus pur- 

 purascentibus Mus. Ad. Fr., i, p. 13); ed. 12, i, 1766, 140 ("America").— 

 Gmelln, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 315.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 85. 

 Psittacus severus Bechstein, Lathams Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 181, 697. — 

 Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 22. — Bechstein, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 66. — 

 Shaw, Gen. Zool., viii, 1811, 397— Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 18.— Hahn, 

 Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, 72, pi. 53. 

 Ps[ittacus] severus Bechstein, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 66. 

 P[sittacus] severus Maximilian, Reise Bras., i, 1820, 322; ii, 1820, 147, 341; Beitr. 



Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 155. 

 Macrocercus severus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 263 (Guiana); 

 Tabl. Enc. Meth., iii, 1823, 1419.— Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 

 113.— Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 186— Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., 

 ii, 1856, 160.— Pinsch, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i, 1863, Beright., p. xiv.— 

 Gulliver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 489 (blood corpuscles). 

 Arara severus Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 28 (Amazon R.). — Brehm, Mon. Papag., 



1842, pi. 11. 

 Arara severa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 6; no. 38 {Revue), 



1874, 2. 

 S[ittace] severa Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 666, 733. 



Sittace severa Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150; Naumannia, 1856 

 (Consp. Psitt., no. 10).— Souance, Rev. etMag. deZool., 1856, 57.— Finsch, 

 Die Papag., i, 1867, 417; ii, 1868, 944— Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1870, 255 — 

 Reichenow, Journ. fur Orn., 1881, 268 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 156; 

 Vogelbild., 1879, pi. 9, fig. 3. 

 [Sittace] severa Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1870, 445.— Heine and Reichenow, Nom. 



Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 235 (Surinam). 

 A[ra] severa Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412. 



Ara severa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 162 (Bogota, Colombia); 1857, 

 266 (Rio Javarri e. Peru); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 345 (Bolivia; Bogota).— 

 Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacidse, 1859, 28 (Bolivia; "Nicaragua"; 

 Rio Javarri, e. Peru).— Homeyer, Journ. fur Orn., 1859, 360.— Cassin, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 137 (Rio Nercua, n. Colombia).— Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 197 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 979 

 (Pebas, e. Peru); 1873, 299 (Rio Ucayali, Rio Huallaga, Pebas, and Rio 

 Javarri, e. Peru; habits); 1879, 538 (Cauca, Colombia), 673 (Santa Cruz de la 

 Sierra, Bolivia).— Salvin, Ibis, 1871, 91 (Middle American range); 1886, 66 

 (Brit. Guiana). — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1883, 573 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; fresh colors). — Taczanowski, Orn. du 

 Perou, iii, 1886, 194— Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 104 (lower Rio 

 Beni, Bolivia). — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1889, 313 (Yarina Cocha and 



a Hellmayr (Spix's Types, p. 57.8) gives as substitute type locality Amazon River. 



